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Table 3 Summary of the studies on CRISPR-Cas9-mediated medicinal plant gene editing

From: CRISPR-Cas gene editing technology and its application prospect in medicinal plants

Species

Target gene

Gene description

Cas9/sgRNA promoter

Results

Mutation frequency

Refs.

Salvia miltiorrhiza

SmCPS1

Committed diterpene synthase gene in tanshinone biosynthetic pathway

CaMV 35S/AtU6-26

8 heterozygous and 3 homozygous hairy root mutants

11.5% and 30.8% for the homozygous and chimeric mutants

[119]

Salvia miltiorrhiza

SmRAS

Rosmarinic acid synthase gene in phenolic acid biosynthetic pathway

CaMV 35S/AtU6-26, OsU3

5 biallelic, 2 heterozygous and 1 homozygous hairy root mutants

50%

[120]

Salvia miltiorrhiza

SmLACs

Laccase genes in phenolic acid and lignin biosynthetic pathway

AtUBQ/AtU6

15 single-locus crispr lines and 14 dual-locus crispr lines

90.6%

[121]

Salvia miltiorrhiza

SmbZIP2

Basic leucine zipper transcription factor; negative regulator in phenolic acid biosynthetic pathway

CaMV 35S/AtU6-26

SmbZIP2-deficient hairy roots

12%

[122]

Dendrobium officinale

C3H, C4H, 4CL, CCR, and IRX

Involved in lignocellulose biosynthetic pathway

MtHP, CVMV, MMV, PCISV, CaMV 35S /OsU3

DoLACs-deficient hairy roots

16.7%, 20%, 33.3%, 33.3% and 6.7% for C3H, C4H, 4CL, CCR and IRX

[131]

Dendrobium Chao Praya Smile

DOTFL1

Terminal flower 1 gene modulating flowering and inflorescence architecture

Ubi/OsU3, OsU6a

13 homozygous mutant plants

10.1%

[132]

Cannabis sativa

CsPDS1

Phytoene desaturase gene; Marker

CaMV 35S/AtU6

CsPDS1-deficient seedlings

2.5% and 51.6% for the homozygous and chimeric mutants

[139]

Comfrey (Symphytum officinale L. Boraginaceae)

HSS

Homospermidine synthase gene in PA biosynthetic pathway

–/AtU6-26

HSS-deficient hairy roots

 

[145]

Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

4′OMT2

3′-hydroxyl-N-methylcoclaurine 4′-O-methyltransferase gene in BIAs biosynthetic pathway

CaMV 35S /AtU6

4′OMT2-deficient mutant plants

85%

[146]

Dioscorea zingiberensis

Dzfps

Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase gene

CaMV 35S /OsU3

9 Dzfps-deficient mutant plants

60%

[147]