Table 2 Gene contents in the cp genomes of six Viola species

Ribosomal RNAs

rrn16(× 2), rrn23(× 2), rrn4.5(× 2), rrn5(× 2)

8

Transfer RNAs

trnA-UGC*(× 2), trnC-GCA, trnD-GUC, trnE-UUC, trnF-GAA, trnG-GCC, trnG-UCC*, trnH-GUG, trnI-CAU(× 2), trnI-GAU*(× 2), trnK-UUU*, trnL-CAA(× 2), trnL-UAA*,trnL-UAG, trnfM-CAU, trnM-CAU, trnN-GUU(× 2), trnP-UGG, trnQ-UUG, trnR-ACG(× 2), trnR-UCU, trnS-GCU, trnS-GGA, trnS-UGA, trnT-GGU, trnT-UGU, trnV-GAC(× 2), trnV-UAC*, trnW-CCA, trnY-GUA

37

Small ribosomal subunit (SSU)

rps2, rps3, rps4, rps7(× 2), rps8, rps11, rps12**(× 2), rps14, rps15, rps18, rps19

13

Large ribosomal subunit (LSU)

rpl2*(× 2), rpl14, rpl16*, rpl20, rpl22, rpl23(× 2), rpl33, rpl36

10

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

rpoA, rpoB, rpoC1*, rpoC2

4

Subunits of ATP synthase

atpA, atpB,atpE, atpF*, atpH, atpI

6

Subunits of NADH dehydrogenase

ndhA*, ndhB*(× 2), ndhC, ndhD, ndhE, ndhF, ndhG, ndhH, ndhI, ndhJ, ndhK

12

Cytochrome b/f complex

petA, petB*, petD*, petG, petL, petN

6

Subunits of photosystem I

psaA, psaB, psaC, psaI, psaJ

5

Assembly/Stability of photosystem I

ycf3**, ycf4

2

Subunits of photosystem II

psbA, psbB, psbC, psbD, psbE, psbF, psbH, psbI, psbJ, psbK, psbL, psbM, psbN, psbT, psbZ

15

Large subunit of Rubisco

rbcL

1

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

accD

1

c-type cytochrome synthesis gene

ccsA

1

Envelop membrane protein

cemA

1

ATP-dependent protease

clpP**

1

Maturase

matK

1

Conserved open reading frames

ycf1, ycf2(× 2), ycf15(× 2)

5

Pseudogenes

^Ψycf1, ^Ψrps19

Total

129