Table 2 Phytochemicals targeting TLR4 in inflammatory bowel disease models

Phenolic compounds

Curcumin

Turmeric (Curcumin longa)

TNBS-induced

100 mg/kg (oral)

[58]

Baicalin

Radix Scutellar-ae

TNBS-induced

1.25, 2.5, 5 mg/ml (oral)

[59]

Naringenin

Grapefruit

DSS-induced

50 mg/kg (oral)

[60]

Eriodictyol

Yerba Santa Clause (Eriodictyon californicum)

TNBS-induced

5, 20, 50 mg/kg (oral)

[61]

Alkaloids

Oxyberberine

Coptidis chinensis Franch

DSS-induced

12.5, 25, 50 mg/kg (oral)

[62]

Dihydroberberine

Coptis chinensis Franch

DSS-induced

12.5, 25, 50 mg/kg (oral)

[63]

Piperine

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) and long pepper (Piper longum)

FFA-induced

5, 10 mg/kg (oral)

[64]

Terpenoids

Miltirone

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge

TNBS-induced

5, 15, 45 mg/kg (oral)

[65]

Paeoniflorin

Paeonia lactiflora Pall

DSS-induced

50 mg/kg (oral)

[66]