Fig. 4

The effects of TPEE on cortical and trabecular bones. A The cortical bone thickness and the representative images of H&E staining of rats’ femur. All pictures are stained with H&E and examined under × 2.2 magnification. Scale bar, 500 µm. Data were presented as mean ± SD, n = 6. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001 determined by two-way ANOVA test. B Trabecular bone tissue was stained with H&E and examined under × 400 magnification. Scale bar, 200 µm. C The representative images of the 3D architecture of trabecular bone analyzed by microCT analysis