Table 2 The basic information of TCM

Flavonoids

Icariin

676.67

Epimedium species

Treatment of fractures, joint disease, and gonadal dysfunctions

[31, 32]

Icaritin

386.4

Epimedium species

Osteoprotective effect, neuroprotective effect, cardiovascular protective effect, anti-cancer effect, anti-inflammation effect, and immune-protective effect

[33]

Hydroxy safflower yellow A

612.53

Safflower

Cardiovascular protection, coronary heart disease treatment and capillary angiogenesis, blood circulation and dispersing blood stasis

[34,35,36,37,38]

Xanthohumol

354.4

Humulus lupulus

Stimulate osteogenic differentiation, anti-inflammatory, and inhibits osteoclastogenesis

[39,40,41]

Kaempferol

286.23

Kaempferia galangal

Osteoporosis, diabetes, obesity, immune regulation, antiviral, and antidepressant treatments

[42,43,44,45]

Cuscuta chinensis Lam.

Not applicable (NA)

N/A

Kaempferia galangal

Osteoporosis treatment

[45]

Baicalin

446.36

Radix Scutellariae

Antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and immunoregulatory activities with minimal side-effects

[46, 47]

Baicalein

270.24

Radix Scutellariae

Antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and immunoregulatory activities with minimal side-effects

[46, 47]

Naringin

580.53

Tomatoes, grapefruits, and many other citrus fruits

Anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic activities, and have therapeutic potential cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and oral disease

[48,49,50]

Hesperetin

302.28

Chenpi

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti‐carcinogenic effects

[51]

Quercetin

302.24

Quercetum, fruit and vegetables

Anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer properties, osteogenesis and angiogenesis

[52, 53]

Silymarin

482.44

Silybum marianum

Hepatoprotective effects, anti-viral, anti-Parkinson, anti‐Alzheimer effects, anti-cancer and anti‐inflammatory

[54, 55]

Alkaloids

Tetrandrine

622.76

Stephania tetrandria

Anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant, anti-allergic effects, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-microbial

[56, 57]

Berberine

336.36

Rhizoma coptidis

Diabetes, anti-inflammation, anti-cancer therapies, lowing of blood lipids and promote bone formation

[58,59,60]

Glycosides

Ginsenoside Rg1

801.01

Ginseng

Cell proliferation and differentiation, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammation

[61]

Ginsenoside Rb1

1109.31

Ginseng

Osteogenesis

[62]

Terpenoids

Ursolic acid

456.70

Fruits and vegetables

Anticancer, antioxidant, and other pharmacological effects

[63]

Polyphenols

Resveratrol

228.25

Veratrum grandiflorum O. Loes

Mediating inflammation, tumerogenesis, and cardioprotective effects

[64,65,66]

Curcumin

368.39

Curcuma long L.

Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects

[67]

Epigallocatechin gallate

458.38

Camellia sinensis L.

Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects

[68]