Table 3 Promoting proliferation, osteogenesis and mineralization

Icariin

SF/SBA15

Rat BMSC (rBMSC), 38.4 µM

Up-regulating RUNX2, ALP, OCN, and COLI

[94]

SF/PLCL nanofibrous membrane

rBMSC, 10⁻⁵ mol/L; rat calvarial defects model

Up-regulating ALP activity

[76]

PLGA microspheres

rBMSC, 4 × 10⁻³ M; rat calvarial defects model

Up-regulating RUNX2, ALP, OCN, COLI, and OPN

[125]

Col/PCL/HAp composite scaffolds

rBMSC; rabbit tibial plateau defects model

Up-regulating ALP, COLI, OCN, and OPN

[86]

CS-modified halloysite

nanotubes

hASCs, 10⁻⁵ M;

Up-regulating ALP

[79]

CS/nHAP

Osteoblast

N/A

[80]

PCL/Gel

MC3T3-E1, 0.05 wt%

Up-regulating ALP, OCN, COLI, and calcium content

[91]

PLGA/TCP

MC3T3-E1, 0.32%; SAON rabbit distal femur defect model;

Up-regulating BSP, OCN, and ALP

[92]

TCP

Ros17/28, 5 × 10⁻⁵ M

Up-regulating ALP

[93]

PHBV scaffolds

MC3T3-E1, MG-63, 25 mg/mL

Up-regulating BGN, BMP-2, BMP-6, and BMP-7

[83]

BioCaP

MC3T3-E1, 5 mg/L; rat calvarial defects model

Up-regulating ALP, OCN, RUNX2, BMP-2, and COLI

[87]

ECM-SIS

MC3T3-E1, 10⁻⁵ M; mouse calvarial defect model

Up-regulating ALP, BSP, OCN, and BMP-4

[117]

Icaritin

PLGA/TCP

Rabbit BMSC, 0.74 g/kg; rabbit bilateral thigh muscles model

Up-regulating ALP and calcium deposition

[88]

PLGA/TCP

Rabbit BMSC, 1.4 × 10⁻³ M;

Up-regulating COLI, ALP, OCN and calcium deposition

[95]

Hydroxy safflower yellow A

BG

rBMSCs, HUVECs; rat calvarial defects model

Up-regulating RUNX2, OPN, OCN, ALP and BMP-2

[96]

Xanthohumol

HA-g-PLLA

MC3T3-E1, 5, 10, 20 wt%

N/A

[81]

Kaempferol

TiO₂

rBMSC; rat femur defect

Up-regulating RUNX2, OCN, ALP, OPN and ON

[97]

Zn

MG-63, 25 µM; Zebrafish model

Up-regulating RUNX2, COLI, ALP, OCN, and ON

[98]

Baicalin and baicalein

Ca-polyP

Primary human osteoblasts, 3 µg/mL

Up-regulating calcium, calcium efflux channel, PMCA and ALP

[119]

Naringin

SF/HAp

hUCMSCs, 0.1 wt%; rabbit femoral distal bone defect

Up-regulating ALP, RUNX2, OSX and COL1A and promoting AKT and PI3K phosphorylation

[49]

microsphere/SAIB hybrid depots

Primary osteoblasts, 4% w/w; mouse calvarial defect model

Up-regulating ALP, RUNX2 and OCN

[99]

CS

UMR106, 5 wt%;

Up-regulating ALP

[100]

PLGA/PLLA/PDLLA

MC3T3-E1, 7 wt%;

N/A

[82]

PLGA

Rat calvarial defects model

Up-regulating BMP-2, OSX, OPN, BSP, COLI, OCN and calcium content

[116]

Hesperetin

Gel

hMSC, 1 µM; rat tibial osteotomy model

Up-regulating RUNX2, ALP, OCN and COLI and promoting ERK and Smads-1/5/8 phosphorylation

[89]

Quercetin

Ti

hMSCs, 64 ± 10 and 842 ± 361 nmol

Up-regulating ALP activity and calcium content

[126]

DC/HAp

Rabbit BMSCs, 25 µM; rat calvarial defect model

Up-regulating RUNX2, OCN, and COLI

[101]

PLLA

MC3T3-E1, 200 µM

Up-regulating RUNX2, ALP, OCN, and COLI

[102]

MSCS/PCL

Wharton’s jelly MSC, 2%

Up-regulating calcium deposit

[127]

Decellularized goat-lung scaffold

BMSC, 100 µM

Up-regulating ALP and calcium deposits

[128]

Ti

hUCMSCs, HGF, 50 nM

Up-regulating RUNX2, COL, OCN, and ALP

[103]

Silymarin

DC/HAp

rBMSCs, 100 µM; rat calvarial bone defect model

Up-regulating RUNX2, COLI, and OCN

[104]

PLA/Carbon nanotubes

Wharton’s jelly MSCs; rat calvarial bone defect model

Up-regulating ALP

[105]

Silibinin

Zn

C3H10T1/2, MG-63, 60 µM

Up-regulating RUNX2, COLI, ALP, OCN, and miR-590/Smad-7 pathway

[120]

Alginate/Gel

C3H10T1/2, 20, 50, 100 µM

Up-regulating RUNX2, COLI, OCN, ALP, Pre-miR-20b and pre-miR-410 and down-regulating pre-miR-30c-1and pre-miR-221

[129]

Berberine

PCL/COL

DPSCs, 50 µg/mL; rat calvaria defects model

Up-regulating ALP, BMP-2, COLI and RUNX2

[58]

PCL/PVP-MC/CS bilayer membrane

MC3T3-E1, 10 µM; rat femur defect model

N/A

[106]

Negatively charged O-carboxymethyl chitosan microspheres

MG-63, rBMSCs; rabbit lateral femoral condyle model

Up-regulating ALP and OCN

[90]

Ginsenoside Rg1

SF/PCL

MC3T3-E1, HUVECs, 5% w/w

Up-regulating ALP, BMP-2, RUNX2 and OCN

[107]

Ginsenoside Rb1

MSCS/PCL

hDPSCs, 5% v/v; rabbit femoral defect model

Up-regulating ALP, OPN and OCN

[62]

Ursolic acid

MBG/CS porous scaffolds

hBMSCs, MC3T3-E1, 5 µM; rat calvarial defect model

Up-regulating ALP, COLI, RUNX2 and BMP-2 and promoting Smad1/5 phosphorylation

[118]

Resveratrol

PEGDA/TCS hydrogel

rBMSCs, HUVECs, 800 µM; rat tibia defect model

Up-regulating Ki67, RUNX2, OPN, and calcium content

[84]

PLGA microsphere

hMSCs, hTHP-1 monocytes, 25 µM

Up-regulating ALP, OCN and calcium content

[108]

SLNs/GelMA

rBMSCs, 0.02% w/v; rat calvarial critical-size defect model

Up-regulating ALP, OCN, RUNX2 and OPN

[109]

PLA/OMMT

hASCs, 0.1 wt%

Up-regulating ALP, OCN and OPN

[110]

Curcumin

PCL

MC3T3-E1, 1 wt%

Up-regulating RUNX2, ALP, BMP-2, OCN, and OPN

[111]

Epigallocatechin gallate

Ti-6Al-4 V

hADSCs, Raw264.7, 0.1, 0.5, 1 mg/mL; rabbit tibias defect model

Up-regulating calcium content, RUNX2, OSX, OCN, OPN

[112]

PLLA

ADSCs, Raw 264.7, 1 mg/mL; mouse calvarial defect

Up-regulating ALP, RUNX2, and OPN

[113]

Gel sponges

UMR106, 0.07 mg; rat calvarial defects model

Down-regulating MMP-2, and MMP-9

[85]

POSS

MC3T3-E1, 6 wt%

Up-regulating ALP

[114]

DC/HAp

Rabbit BMSC, 5 µM; nude mouse model

Up-regulating RUNX2, OCN, and COLI

[115]

Gel sponges

Rat calvarial defects model

N/A

[130]

Genipin

CS framework

5 mg

Up-regulating RUNX2, OCN, OPN, and ALP

[121]

CS

5 mg

Up-regulating RUNX2, OCN, OPN, and ALP

[122]

Silica particles

20 mM

Up-regulating ALP

[123]

Proanthocyanidins

COLI

10%

Up-regulating ALP

[124]