Table 2 Compounds isolated from African propolis

Cameroon

Lupenone, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, methyl-3β,27-dihydroxycycloart-24-en-26-oate, oleanolic acid, β-amyrin acetate, lupeol, betulinic acid, lupeol acetate, ψ-taraxasterol-acetate, taraxasterol acetate, lanosterol, 3α-hydroxy-olean-12-en-30-ol, α-amyrone, β-acetoxy-amyrin, bacchara12,21dien3β-ol, betulinaldehyde and erythrodiol

Terpenoid

[405, 406]

3-Undecylphenol, 3-tetradecylphenol, 3-pentadecylphenol, 3-hexadecylphenol, 3-heptadecylphenol, 3-nonadecylphenol, 3-((100 z)-pentadecenyl)-phenol, 3-((120 z)-pentadecenyl)-phenol, 3-((80 z)-heptadecenyl)-phenol, 3-((120 z)-heptadecenyl)-phenol, 3-((140 z)-heptadecenyl)-phenol, 3-((130 z)-nonadecenyl)-phenol, 3-((140 z)-nonadecenyl)-phenol, 5-pentadecylresorcinol, 5-hexadecylresorcinol, 5-heptadecylresorcinol, 5-((100 z)-pentadecenyl)-resorcinol, 5-((80 z)-heptadecenyl)-resorcinol, 5-((110 z)-heptadecenyl)-resorcinol, 5-((120 z)-heptadecenyl)-resorcinol, 5-((140 z)-hheptadecenyl)-resorcinol, 5-((140 z)-nonadecenyl)-resorcinol

Phenolic lipids

[407]

Cameroon

α-Terpineol and 1,8-terpineol

Monoterpene alcohols

[406]

Ethyl palmitate

Fatty acid ester

Lonchocarpol a, 6,8-diprenyl-aromadendrin and lespedezaflavanone C

Diprenyl-flavonoids

Congo

Lupenone, β-amyrin and lupeol

Triterpenes

lonchocarpol A and 6,8-diprenyl-eriodictyol

Diprenyl-flavonoids

Cameroon

10-O-Eicosanylglycerol, deperoxidized derivative of plukenetione C

Miscellanous

[405, 408]

Egyptian

2,3-dihydroxy-4-methyl-octanoic acid

hexacosanoic acid; 3,4- dimethoxy-cinnamic acid; 3-methyl-3-butenyl-trans-caffeate ester, tectochrysin

5-hydroxy-7-methoxy isoflavone

[409]

Egyptian

Isonymphaeol C

Prenylated flavonoid

[409]

Libya/Nigeria/cameroon

Cycloartanol, mangiferolic acid, mangiferonic acid, ambolic acid, 27-hydroxymangiferonic acid

Cycloartane triterpene

[405]

Nigeria

Ambonic acid

[410]

Libya

13-Epitorulosol, acetylisocupressic acid, agathadiol, isocupressic acid, isoagatholal

Diterpene

[411]

Cameroon

2-Hydroxy-8-prenylbiochanin A

Flavonoid

Libya

Taxifolin-3-acetyl-4′methyl ether

Nigeria

3,8-Dihydroxy-9-methoxy-pterocarpan, astrapterocarpan, vesticarpan, vestitol, broussonin B, calycosin, liquiritigenin, pinocembrin, isosativan, 2′-hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyisoflavan, medicarpin

Flavonoid

[411]

Algeria

Pectolinarigenin; 6,7-dihydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavone (ladanein), acacetin, quercetin, 3-O-methyl-quercetin, kaempferol, chrysin, tectochrysin, galangin, myricetin-3,7,40,50-tetramethyl ether, apigenin, pectolinarigenin, pilosin, ladanein, pinocembrin, pinobanksin, pinobanksin-3-acetate, pinobanksin-3-(E)-caffeate, pinostrobin, genistein,

Flavonoid

[412, 413]

(E)-resveratrol, tyrosol

Miscellanous

[413]

pimaric acid, totarol, 18-hydroxy-cis-clerodan-3-en-15-oic acid, cistadiol, isoagathotal, imbricatoloic acid, cupressic acid, isocupressic acid, torulosol, agathadiol, torulosal

Terpenoids

[412, 413]

caffeic acid, prenyl caffeate, methyl caffeate, isopentyl caffeate, 2-methyl-2-butenyl (E)-caffeate, 3-methyl-3-butenyl-(E)-caffeate, phenethyl-(E)-caffeate (CAPE), p-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid methyl ester, cinnamic acid (isoferulic acid, caftaric acid, caftaric acid methyl ester, ( +)-chicoric acid, ( +)-chicoric acid methyl ester,

Phenylpropanoids

[412,413,414]

Egypt

Isoferulic acid

Phenylpropanoids

[415]

Chrysin, tectochrysin, galangin, pinocembrin, pinostrobin, quercetin-3,7-di-o-methyl ether, 3-methoxy-5,7,40 –trihydroxyflavone, 3,30 -dimethoxy-5,7,40 –trihydroxyflavone, izalpinin, isonymphaeol C, isonymphaeol B, isonymphaeol D, nymphaeol B,

Flavonoids

[409, 415]

3β-Cycloartenol, 3β-cycloartenol-26-oic acid, 3α-cycloartenol-26-oic acid, β-amyrin acetate,

Terpenoids

[416]

Nigeria

Macarangin, 8-prenylnaringenin, pinocembrin, nymphaeol b, liquiritigenin, calycosin, (3S)-vestitol

Flavonoids

[417]

Ambonic acid, mangiferonic acid, α-amyrin

Terpenoids

[405, 410]

Medicarpin, riverinol, gerontoxanthone h, 6-deoxy-γ-mangostin, 1,7-dihydroxy-3-o-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-8-(3-methylbut-2-enyl) xanthone

Miscellanous

[410]

8-prenylnaringenin, 6-prenylnaringenin, propolin d, macarangin

Prenylated flavonoid

[405, 410]

Gerontoxanthone H, 6-deoxy-γ-mangostin; 1,7-dihydro-3-o-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-8(3-methylbut-2-enyl) xanthone

Xanthone

Libya

13-Epitorulosal, acetyl-13-epi-cupressic acid, 13-epi-cupressic acid

Diterpenes

[418]

Sesamin

Lignin

Taxifolin-3-acetyl-4′-methyl ether

Flavanonol

13-Epitorulosolol

Diterpene

Demethylpiperitol, 5′-methoxypiperitol

Lignan

Cycloartanol, mangiferolic acid, mangiferonic acid, ambolic acid, 27-hydroxymangiferonic acid

Cycloartane triterpene

Cardol

Resorcinol

Agathadiol, isocupressic acid, isoagatholal, acetylisocupressic acid

Diterpene

bilobol

Libya

Demethylpiperitol, 5′-methoxypiperitol

Lignan

[411]

Nigeria

Riverinol

Benzofuran

Cameroon

Triacontyl ρ-coumarate

Coumarin

Arachic/arachidic acid ethyl ester (PEN₄)

Alkylphenol

Libya/Cameroon

Cardol

Alkylresorcinol

Cameroon

1′-O-Eicosanyl glycerol

Acylglycerol

[405]

Nigeria

Oleic acid; propyl stearate

Fatty acid and ester

[410]

Cameroon

Hexatriacontanoic acid, 2′,3′-dihydroxypropyltetraeicosanoate

Fatty acid

[411]

Zambian and Tanzanian

6(1,1, dimethyl allyl) pinocembrin; 6(1,1, dimethyl allyl) naringenin; 5-hydroxy-4″,4″-dimethyl-5″-methyl-5″-H-dihydrofuranol [2″,3″,6,7] flavanone

Flavanone

[419]

Mediterranean

Copalol; 3-epi-manool; communal; 14,15-dinor-13-oxo-8(17)-labden-19-oic acid; pimaric acid; 13-epi-torulosal; communic acid;

Diterpene

[389]

Cameroon

2-Hydroxy-8-prenylabiochanin A, 2’,3’-dihydroxypropyltetraeicosanoate, β-amyrine, oleanolic acid, β-amyrine acetate, lupeol, betulinic acid, lupeol acetate, lupenone

Isoflavonol

[219]

Kenya

Tetrahydrojusticidin B, phyllamyricin C, and 6-methoxydiphyllin

Arylnaphtalene lignan

[376]

Kenya

Macarangin, schweinfurthin A and B

Geranylated flavonol (geranylstilbenes)

[376]

Kenya

Phyllamyricin C, tetrahydrojusticidin B, 6-methoxydiphyllin

Micellanous

[376]

Cameroon

(E)-5-(2-(8-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)-2H-chromen-6-yl) vinyl)-2-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl) benzene-1,3-diol; 5-((E)-3,5-dihydroxystyryl)-3- ((E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl) benzene-1,2-diol;

Prenylated stilbenes

[408]