Table 9 Antidiabetic effects of propolis extracts (PE) and their isolated bioactive compounds

PE

IC₅₀ 3.77 µM

In vitro

α-Glucosidase inhibition

[220]

Chihuahua propolis

300 mg/kg/day, orally, 15 days

In vivo

Suppress Blood glucose levels

[234]

Astrapterocarpan, medicarpin, 8-prenylnaringenin

8.0, 5.0 and 4.0 mg/g

In vivo

α-Amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition

[228]

Propolis and bee pollen extracts

100–200 mg/Kg b.w., orally, 16 weeks

In vivo

Reduction of blood glucoseand insulin resistance

[233]

PE

300 mg/Kg b.w., orally, 4 weeks

In vivo

Reduction of fasting blood glucose

[232]

PE

50–100 mg/Kg b.w., orally, 15 days

In vivo

Reduction of blood glucose

[231]

PE

300 mg/Kg b.w., orally, 15 days

In vivo

Reduction of blood glucose

[234]

PE

IC₅₀ 70.79 µg/mL

In vitro

α-Glucosidase inhibition

[227]

PE

IC₅₀ 0.09 mg/mL

In vitro

α-Amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition

[239]

PE

200–300 mg/Kg b.w./day, orally, 28 days

In vivo

Reduction of blood glucose, conservation of normal pancreatic cell architecture

[235]

PE

100 mg/Kg b.w., oral intubation, twice daily, 8 weeks

In vivo

Reduction of fasting blood glucose, reduction of glycated hemoglobin; restoration of hepatorenal functions

[236]

PE

200 mg/Kg b.w., orally, 5 weeks

In vivo

Reduction of serum glucose, reduction of oxidative stress parameters

[237]

PE

100–300 mg/Kg b.w., orally, 8 weeks

In vivo

Reduction of plasma level of insulin and HOMA-R index of insulin resistance

[229]

PE

1 mL/100 g, intragastrically, twice daily, 8 weeks

In vivo

Reduction of blood glucose, reduction of fructosamine, malonaldehyde and nitric oxide

[230]

PE

IC₅₀ 4.7 mg/mL

In vitro

Maltase and α -amylase inhibition

[400]

PE

1–2% w/w

In vivo

Reduction of cholesterol, triacylgycerol and ALT

[449]

PE

70 µL of 85% PE/animal, 60 days

In vivo

Increase of plasmatic HDL, prevention of LVH and arterial atherogenesis

[450]

PE

160 mg/Kg b.w., 14 weeks

In vivo

Reduction of total cholesterol and triglycerides, without any effect on HDL, decrease of atherosclerotic lesion development in aortic root

[451]

PE

250 mg/Kg b.w./day, orally, 4 weeks

In vivo

Normalisation of lipid profile/down-regulation of VCAM, FGF, VEGF and MMP-9 gene expression

[247]

PE

75 mg/Kg b.w., orally

In vivo

Reduction of total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides

[266]

PE

0.05–0.5% w/w, orally, 8 weeks

Reduction of cholesterol and triglycerides/increase of PPARα protein level in the liver

[246]

CAPE

60 ng/mL

In vitro and in vivo

Increase of p-Akt and p-insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, inhibition of p-JNK, p-NF-κB p65, and nuclear translocation of p-NF-κB p6

[243]

PE conjugated with chitosan polyacrylic (CS-PAA) nanoparticles

In vivo

Suppress blood glucose levels

[245]

PE

300, 600 mg/Kg b.w., orally, 4 weeks

In vivo

Reduce glucagon, FBG level, and improve insulin and islet of Langerhans regeneration

[452]

Tectochrysin

60 μl/mL

In vitro

α-Glucosidase inhibition

[244]

PE

200, 600 mg/Kg b.w./day, orally, 6 weeks

In vivo

Decrease of glucose level

[453]

PE

100 g/Kg b.w., oral intubation, twice daily, 8 weeks

In vivo

Decrease of glucose level

[236]

PE

240 μM

In vitro

Decrease the of G6Pase expression by inhibiting the autophosphorylation of GSK3α and β, which are involved in the activation of GSK3

[242]