Quantification of prevalence, clinical characteristics, co-existence, and geographic variations of traditional Chinese medicine diagnostic patterns via latent tree analysis-based differentiation rules among functional dyspepsia patients

Ho, Leonard; Xu, Yulong; Zhang, Nevin L.; Ho, Fai Fai; Wu, Irene X. Y.; Chen, Shuijiao; Liu, Xiaowei; Wong, Charlene H. L.; Ching, Jessica Y. L.; Cheong, Pui Kuan; Yeung, Wing Fai; Wu, Justin C. Y.; Chung, Vincent C. H.

doi:10.1186/s13020-022-00656-x

Table 3 Comparisons of score-based differentiation rules of Traditional Chinese Medicine diagnostic patterns of functional dyspepsia across the three samples

From: Quantification of prevalence, clinical characteristics, co-existence, and geographic variations of traditional Chinese medicine diagnostic patterns via latent tree analysis-based differentiation rules among functional dyspepsia patients

Overall sample (n = 400)		Hong Kong sample (n = 250)		Hunan sample (n = 150)
Clinical feature	Score	Clinical feature	Score	Clinical feature	Score
Spleen deficiency and qi stagnation
Distension and fullness in the stomach	5.5	Distension and fullness in the stomach	7.6	Distension and fullness in the stomach	3.5
Oppression in the chest	4.2	Oppression in the chest	5.3	Lack of strength	2.9
Lack of strength	3.6	Lack of strength	4.1	Reluctance to speak	2.8
Reluctance to speak	3.6	Reluctance to speak	3.9	Oppression in the chest	2.6
Torpid intake	2.2	Torpid intake	1.8	Torpid intake	2.6
Lassitude of spirit	1.9	Belching	1.5	Lassitude of spirit	2.5
Belching	1.5	Lassitude of spirit	1.4	Belching	1.4
Unformed stools	0.9	Unformed stools	0.8	Unformed stools	0.8
Cold-heat complex
Signs and symptoms exacerbated by pressure	6.9	Signs and symptoms exacerbated by pressure	7.6	Borborygmus	8.3
Borborygmus	6.5	Borborygmus	6.0	Signs and symptoms exacerbated by pressure	6.0
Bitter taste in the mouth	4.7	Bitter taste in the mouth	5.5	Vomiting and nausea	4.0
Signs and symptoms exacerbated by ingestion	4.3	Signs and symptoms exacerbated by ingestion	5.5	Bitter taste in the mouth	4.0
Gastric upset	4.0	Gastric upset	4.4	Unformed stools	3.2
Vomiting and nausea	3.5	Vomiting and nausea	3.1	Signs and symptoms exacerbated by ingestion	3.1
Unformed stools	3.0	Unformed stools	2.9	Gastric upset	2.5
Signs and symptoms exacerbated by cold	2.5	Signs and symptoms exacerbated by cold	2.7	Dry mouth	2.4
Dry mouth	2.2	Dry mouth	1.9	Signs and symptoms exacerbated by cold	2.2
Stomach heat
Burning sensation in the stomach	9.6	Bitter taste in the mouth	8.5	Burning sensation in the stomach	7.7
Acid vomiting	8.5	Burning sensation in the stomach	7.7	Acid vomiting	6.9
Bitter taste in the mouth	7.7	Acid vomiting	6.2	Bitter taste in the mouth	6.6
Gastric upset	4.1	Fetid mouth odour	4.9	Gastric upset	5.6
Dry mouth	3.8	Gastric upset	3.7	Dry mouth	4.2
Fetid mouth odour	3.4	Dry mouth	3.6	Swift digestion with rapid hungering	2.7
Swift digestion with rapid hungering	3.2	Swift digestion with rapid hungering	3.6	Constipation	2.6
Yellowish urine	2.6	Yellowish urine	3.0	Fetid mouth odour	2.0
Constipation	2.4	Constipation	2.2	Poor sleep quality	2.0
Poor sleep quality	1.8	Poor sleep quality	1.7	Yellowish urine	1.8
Liver qi invading the stomach
Depressed mood	10.7	Depressed mood	11.9	Depressed mood	7.0
Oppression in the chest	7.6	Oppression in the chest	8.3	Oppression in the chest	5.7
Acid vomiting	5.8	Acid vomiting	7.8	Acid vomiting	4.3
Irritability	4.7	Irritability	4.9	Irritability	4.2
Vomiting and nausea	3.5	Distension and fullness in the hypochondrium	3.3	Vomiting and nausea	4.0
Distension and fullness in the hypochondrium	3.4	Vomiting and nausea	2.9	Signs and symptoms exacerbated by mood	3.6
Signs and symptoms exacerbated by mood	2.9	Signs and symptoms exacerbated by mood	2.7	Distension and fullness in the hypochondrium	3.0
Hiccup	2.1	Distension and fullness in the stomach	0.7	Belching	2.5
Distension and fullness in the stomach	1.1	Hiccup	0.6	Hiccup	2.2
Belching	0.5	Belching	− 0.3	Distension and fullness in the stomach	1.7
Spleen-stomach dampness-heat
Tenesmus	7.6	Tenesmus	8.1	Tenesmus	6.9
Passing stools with difficulty	5.0	Passing stools with difficulty	6.1	Unformed stools	4.0
Unformed stools	4.8	Unformed stools	5.3	Diarrhoea	3.8
Foul-smelling stools	3.9	Foul-smelling stools	4.4	Passing stools with difficulty	3.4
Diarrhoea	3.4	Diarrhoea	3.3	Foul-smelling stools	3.1
Yellowish urine	2.0	Borborygmus	2.2	Yellowish urine	1.8
Borborygmus	1.9	Yellowish urine	2.1	Vomiting and nausea	1.4
Vomiting and nausea	1.4	Thirst without desire to drink	1.6	Borborygmus	1.1
Thirst without desire to drink	1.0	Vomiting and nausea	1.4	Torpid intake	− 0.4
Torpid intake	− 0.1	Torpid intake	0.0	Thirst without desire to drink	0.0
Spleen-stomach qi deficiency
Reluctance to speak	8.6	Lack of strength	9.9	Lack of strength	6.2
Lack of strength	8.1	Reluctance to speak	8.8	Reluctance to speak	5.5
Stomach heaviness	5.5	Sallow complexion	6.5	Stomach heaviness	4.6
Sallow complexion	5.4	Stomach heaviness	5.4	Sallow complexion	4.1
Undigested food in stools	3.8	Undigested food in stools	4.6	Lassitude of spirit	4.0
Hard stools followed by soft stools	3.8	Hard stools followed by soft stools	4.5	Weight loss	3.1
Weight loss	3.0	Foul-smelling stools	2.7	Hard stools followed by soft stools	2.9
Lassitude of spirit	2.9	Lassitude of spirit	2.6	Undigested food in stools	2.8
Foul-smelling stools	2.3	Weight loss	2.3	Torpid intake	2.6
Unformed stools	1.6	Signs and symptoms relieved by pressure	1.9	Foul-smelling stools	1.8
Signs and symptoms relieved by pressure	1.6	Unformed stools	1.8	Unformed stools	1.4
Torpid intake	1.3	Torpid intake	0.4	Signs and symptoms relieved by pressure	1.2
Spleen-stomach deficiency cold
Reluctance to speak	8.1	Lack of strength	8.0	Reluctance to speak	5.3
Lack of strength	6.5	Reluctance to speak	7.3	Lack of strength	5.0
Sallow complexion	3.9	Sallow complexion	4.6	Body heaviness	3.5
Body heaviness	3.4	Bland taste in the mouth	3.6	Lassitude of spirit	3.4
Bland taste in the mouth	2.9	Body heaviness	3.3	Sallow complexion	3.1
Lassitude of spirit	2.7	Lassitude of spirit	2.4	Torpid intake	2.5
Dull pain in the stomach	2.1	Cold hands and feet	2.2	Bland taste in the mouth	2.2
Aversion to cold	2.1	Dull pain in the stomach	2.1	Aversion to cold	2.1
Cold hands and feet	1.8	Aversion to cold	2.1	Dull pain in the stomach	1.9
Signs and symptoms exacerbated by cold	1.7	Signs and symptoms exacerbated by cold	2.0	Signs and symptoms exacerbated by cold	1.5
Signs and symptoms relieved by pressure	1.5	Signs and symptoms relieved by pressure	1.8	Cold hands and feet	1.4
Torpid intake	1.2	Unformed stools	0.7	Signs and symptoms relieved by pressure	1.2
Unformed stools	0.8	Torpid intake	0.5	Unformed stools	0.9
Spleen deficiency with dampness encumbrance
Unformed stools	5.2	Unformed stools	5.4	Tenesmus	4.7
Tenesmus	4.8	Bland taste in the mouth	5.4	Unformed stools	4.6
Bland taste in the mouth	4.4	Tenesmus	4.9	Bland taste in the mouth	3.5
Excessive phlegm or salivation	4.4	Excessive phlegm or salivation	4.8	Foul-smelling stools	3.5
Foul-smelling stools	3.8	Passing stools with difficulty	4.3	Excessive phlegm or salivation	3.5
Vomiting and nausea	3.7	Foul-smelling stools	3.9	Vomiting and nausea	3.3
Passing stools with difficulty	3.6	Vomiting and nausea	3.8	Diarrhoea	3.0
Heavy-headedness	3.2	Heavy-headedness	3.4	Heavy-headedness	2.7
Dizziness	2.7	Dizziness	3.4	Passing stools with difficulty	2.5
Diarrhoea	2.7	Foreign body sensation in the throat	2.6	Borborygmus	2.3
Borborygmus	2.5	Borborygmus	2.5	Foreign body sensation in the throat	2.2
Foreign body sensation in the throat	2.5	Body heaviness	2.5	Body heaviness	2.2
Body heaviness	2.4	Diarrhoea	2.4	Dizziness	2.0
Thirst without desire to drink	1.6	Thirst without desire to drink	1.5	Thirst without desire to drink	1.6
Torpid intake	0.8	Torpid intake	0.5	Torpid intake	1.2

For ease of comparison, the differentiation thresholds were standardised to 10.0, and the numerical score for each clinical feature was scaled accordingly

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ISSN: 1749-8546

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