Table 1 Essential oil analysis of Eryngium caeruleum M.Bieb

Iran/aerial parts

Hydrodistillation

Limonene (52.1%), β-sesquiphellandrene (8.1%), α-pinene (5.5%) and δ-2-carene (5.3%)

[62]

Iran/aerial parts/flowering stage

Hydrodistillation (3 h)/0.3 air-dried weight

Limonene (60.5%), δ-3-carene (13.0%), α-pinene (5.6%)

[5]

Iran/dried aerial parts

Hydrodistillation (5 h)/0.65 w/w

Limonene (56.7%), β-sesquiphellandrene (8.9%), α-pinene (6.5%), δ-2-carene (5.9%)

[81]

Iran/dry leaves/vegetative phase

Hydrodistillation (4 h)

Coastal plants: 5-methyl-2-pyrimidone (61.69%), β-sesquiphellandrene (14.19%), 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethyl)-phenol (13.65%)

[36]

Iran/dry leaves/vegetative phase

Hill slope plants: 5-methyl-2-pyrimidone (41.74%), β-sesquiphellandrene (18.29%), β-bisabolene (12.30%)

Iran/dry stems/vegetative phase

Coastal plants: l-limonene (30.34%), β-sesquiphellandrene (28.53%), β-bisabolene (15.31%)

Iran/dry stems/vegetative phase

Hill slope plants: β-sesquiphellandrene (26.54%), 5-methyl-2-pyrimidone (23.89%), limonene (11.57%)

Iran/leaves/first vegetative stages

Hydrodistillation (4 h)

Coastal plants: β-sesquiphellandrene (44.21%), limonene (18.39%) and β-bisabolene (6.08%)

[36, 37]

Hill slope plants: 5-methyl-2-pyrimidone (53.83%), β-sesquiphellandrene (11.26%) and β-bisabolene (7.43%)

Iran/leaves/second vegetative phase

Coastal plants: β-sesquiphellandrene (27.32%), limonene (14.32%) and 5-methyl-2-pyrimidone (14.15%)

Hill slope plant: 4(5)-acetyl-1H-imidazole (50.14%), β-sesquiphellandrene (15.51%) and 4-(1,5-dimethylhex-4-enyl) cyclohex-2-enone (11.05%)

Iran/stems/generative phase

Coastal plants: hexadecahydrocyclobuta [1,2,3,4] dicyclooctene (45.46%), β-sesquiphellandrene (20.5%) and widdrene (19.06%)

Hill slope plant: piperiton (69.81%), 4-(1,5-dimethylhex-4-enyl) cyclohex-2-enone (18.38%) and β-sesquiphellandrene (4.54%)

Iran/dry leaves/pre-flowering stage

Hydrodistillation (3 h)

Cyclobuta, dicyclooctene, hexadecahydro (47.03%), n-hexadecanoic acid (11.16%), linoleic acid (5.41%), limonene (4.23%), cis-α-bisabolene (2.14%)

[18]

Iran/fresh flowers/early reproductive phase

Hydrodistillation/0.32

Littoral location: allo-aromadendrene (66.3%), trans-calamenene (11%), dehydro abietal (6.7%), α-calacorene (6.1%)

[1]

Iran/fresh flowers/early reproductive phase

Hydrodistillation/0.38

Unlittoral location: allo-aromadendrene (61.2%), trans-calamenene (13.4%), dehydro abietal (10.9%)

Iran/fresh flowers/early reproductive phase

Hydro-steam distillation/0.176

Littoral location: allo-aromadendrene (71.6%), trans-calamenene (12.8%), α-calacorene (4.5%)

Iran/fresh flowers/early reproductive phase

Hydro-steam distillation/0.21

Unlittoral location: allo-aromadendrene (69.1%), trans-calamenene (15.9%), dehydro abietal (4.5%)

Iran/fresh flowers/early reproductive phase

Steam distillation/0.06

Littoral location: allo-aromadendrene (48.7%), trans-calamenene (11.1%), α –eudesmol (4.4%), dehydro abietal (4.0%)

Iran/fresh flowers/early reproductive phase

Steam distillation/0.09

Unlittoral location: allo-aromadendrene (56.7%), trans-calamenene (18.2%), dehydro abietal (8.5%)

Iran/fresh leaves/early reproductive phase

Hydrodistillation/0.13

Littoral location: (E, E)-farnesol (24.3%), elemicin (12.2%), n-nonanyl acetate (9.1%), butyl acetate (6.4%), allo-aromadendrene (6.0%)

Iran/fresh leaves/early reproductive phase

Hydrodistillation/0.19

Unlittoral location: allo-aromadenderene (25.2%), α-calacorene (23.1%), (E,E)-farnesol (17.5%), dihydro tagetone (11.0%)

Iran/dry leaves/early reproductive phase

Hydrodistillation/0.17

Littoral location: alloaromadendrene (24%), dihydro tagetone (19.8%), (E,E)-farnesol (13.8%), elemicin (12.3%)

Iran/dry leaves/early reproductive phase

Hydrodistillation/0.32

Unlittoral location: allo-aromadenderene (33.2%), α-calacorene (14.4%), (E,E)-farnesol (16.7%), dihydro tagetone (8.3%)

Iran/fresh leaves/early reproductive phase

Hydro-steam distillation/0.1

Littoral location: allo-aromadenderene (30.6%), (E,E)- farnesol (28.3%), dihydro tagetone (12%)

Iran/fresh leaves/early reproductive phase

Hydro-steam distillation/0.16

Unlittoral location: allo-aromadenderene (30.3%), (E,E)-farnesol (29.1%), α-calacorene (11.5%)

Iran/dry leaves/early reproductive phase

Hydro-steam distillation/0.1

Littoral location: allo-aromadendrene (22.6%), dihydro tagetone (12.5%), (E,E)-farnesol (16.0%), elemicin (14.1%), methyl octadecanoate (10.9%)

Iran/dry leaves/early reproductive phase

Hydro-steam distillation/0.16

Unlittoral location: allo-aromadenderene (30.8%), dihydro tagetone (17.9%), (E,E)-farnesol (13.5%), α-calacorene (11.6%)

Iran/fresh leaves/early reproductive phase

Steam distillation/0.1

Littoral location: 1-phenyl pentan-3-one (23.8%), trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (11.3%), dihydro tagetone (8.7%), α-ylangene (8.5%)

Iran/fresh leaves/early reproductive phase

Steam distillation/0.14

Unlittoral location: allo-aromadenderene (13.0%), n-dodecanol (9.0%), (E,E)-farnesol (12.1%), α-calacorene (7.7%), methyl octadecanoate (7%)

Iran/dry leaves/early reproductive phase

Steam distillation/0.053

Littoral location: allo-aromadenderene (26.4%), (E,E)-farnesol (18%), elemicin (10.5%), methyl octadecanoate (8.3%)

Iran/dry leaves/early reproductive phase

Steam distillation/0.087

Unlittoral location: alloaromadenderene (32.3%), α-calacorene (15.5%), (E,E)-farnesol (11.2%)

Iran/stems/early reproductive phase

Hydrodistillation/0.18

Littoral location: allo-aromadenderene (56.4%), trans-calamenene (12%), dihydro tagetone (9.4%), dehydro abietal (9.6%)

Iran/stems/early reproductive phase

Hydrodistillation/0.2

Unlittoral location: allo-aromadenderene (36%), trans-calamenene (12.6%), dihydro tagetone (6.4%), dehydro abietal (31.5%)

Iran/stems/early reproductive phase

Hydro-steam distillation/0.11

Littoral location: allo-aromadenderene (55.5%), methyl octadecanoate (20.2%), trans-calamenene (8.3%), α- calacorene (5.8%)

Iran/stems/early reproductive phase

Hydro-steam distillation/0.14

Unlittoral location: alloaromadenderene (47.4%), dehydro abietal (19.5%), trans-calamenene (14.7%), dihydro tagetone (6.9%)

Iran/stems/early reproductive phase

Steam distillation/0.09

Littoral location: alloaromadenderene (67.4%), trans-calamenene (11%), dehydro abietal (6.3%), α- calacorene (6.0%)

Iran/stems/early reproductive phase

Steam distillation/0.1

Unlittoral location: allo-aromadenderene (54.9%), trans-calamenene (16.2%), dehydro abietal (11.7%), elemicin (3.9%)

Iran/roots/early reproductive phase

Hydrodistillation/0.50

Littoral location: n-octadecanol (91%), n-nonadecane (1.2%), 1-butyl acetate (1.2%)

Iran/roots/early reproductive phase

Hydrodistillation/0.44

Unlittoral location: n-octadecanol (95.6%), abietatriene (1.7%)

Iran/roots/early reproductive phase

Hydro-steam distillation/0.33

Littoral location: n-octadecanol (73.8%), 1-butyl acetate (4%) and trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (3.6%)

Iran/roots/early reproductive phase

Hydro-steam distillation/0.28

Unlittoral location: n-octadecanol (69.1%), α-terpinene (6.9%) and (E,E)-farnesol (5.2%)

Iran/roots/early reproductive phase

Steam distillation/0.16

Littoral location: n-octadecanol (74.6%), dihydro tagetone (4.9%)

Iran/roots/early reproductive phase

Steam distillation/0.15

Unlittoral location: n-octadecanol (43.5%), α-eudesmol (18.4%) and methyl octadecanoate (4.8%)

Iran/fresh leaves/early reproductive phase

Hydrodistillation (3 h)/0.07

Limonene (26.71%), cyclobuta[1,2:3,4]dicyclooctene, hexadecahydro (24.19%), β-sesquiphellandrene (15.25%), δ-3-carene (6.79%), trans-longipinocarveo (5.28%), n-hexadecanoic acid (2.69%), Z-α-bisabolene (2.57%), myrcene (1.95%), α-pinene (1,87%), β-bisabolene (1.84%), n-octanal (1.53%), E-β-ionone (1.23%), vervenene (0.84%), widdrol (0.83%), α-cis-bergamotene (0.72%), n-octanol (0.54%), trans-carveol (0.53%), α-acoradiene (0.46%), linalool (0.42%), n-heptanol (0.42%), citronellol (0.38%), p-cymene (0.37%), carvacrol (0.35%), n-octadecane (0.28%), p-mentha-2,4(8)-diene (0.27%), thymol (0.23%), β-elemene (0.21%), cis-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol (0.18%), myristicin (0.17%), benzene acetaldehyde (0.16%), heptanal (0.15%), Z-4-decenal (0.13%)

[6]

Iran/air-dried aerial parts/flowering phase

Hydrodistillation (3 h)/1.1 v/dry weight

Trans-pinocarvyl acetate (15.6%), caryophyllene oxide (13.2%), n-hexyl isobutyrate (11.9%), hexyl isovalerate (9.1%),

[61]

Iran/dry roots

Hydrodistillation (3 h)/1.1 v/dry weight

Hexyl isovalerate (11.0%), hexyl valerate (10.1%), hexyl isobutyrate (7.3%), octyl octanoate (7.0%), octyl isovalerate (6.8%), trans-pinocarvyl acetate (6.6%)

[35]