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Table 4 Modern pharmacological studies of Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser

From: Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser: a comprehensive review on botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology

Bioactivities

Model

Extracts or compound

Method of administration

Dosage

Mechanism

References

Anti-inflammatory

RAW 264.7 macrophages

The whole dried plant/water/ethanol extracts

/

60 mg/mL

Inhibiting NO and TNF-α production

[52]

RAW 264.7 macrophages

The whole plant/quercetin

/

2.5, 5, 10, 20 μg/ml

Inhibiting NO production and the protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 in a dose-dependent manner

[7]

Xylene-induced ear edema mice

The whole plant/water extracts

Intragastric administration

0.5, 1.0 mg/kg b/w

Reducing the extent of ear edema

[55]

Collagen-induced arthritis mice

The whole plant/quercetin

Intragastric administration

50, 100 mg/kg b/w

Inhibiting ankle mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial oxidative stress

[4]

Antioxidant

DPPH radical

The whole dried plant/water/ethanol extracts

/

60 mg/mL

Exhibiting good free radical scavenging ability

[52]

yeast model

The whole dried plant/water/ethanol extracts

/

60 mg/mL

Showing higher survival rates

[52]

DPPH radical

Dried stem/the crude polysaccharide extract

/

10 mg/mL

Exhibiting significant scavenging ability, with scavenging capacities more than 400 µM ascorbate equiv/g

[68]

Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4734

Dried stem/the purified polysaccharide

/

10 mg/mL

TCP-2, TCP-3, UC-1 and UC-2 displaying significant antioxidant activity

[68]

Anticancer

Human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116 and SW480

The whole plant/70% ethanol extracts

/

25, 50, 100 μg/ml

Inhibiting human colorectal cancer cells through GSK3β-dependent cyclin D1 degradation

[73]

Human colon cancer HT-29 cells

Taxilli heba/water extracts

/

0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 g/mL

Inhibiting the proliferation, invasion, and migration of human colon cancer cells via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

[74]

Human leukemia cell lines HL-60 and K562

The whole plant/extracts

/

50, 100, 200, 400 μg/ml

Inhibiting cell proliferation

[75]

Human leukemia U937 cells

Quercetin

/

10, 20 μM

Promoting the reversible G2/M phase arrest of U937 cells

[80]

Myeloid cell line P39

Quercetin

/

10, 50, 100 μM

Decreasing expression of BcL2, BcL-xL and McL-1 expression, increasing Bax expression

[81]

Liver cancer cells (HuH-7 cells, HepG-2 cells)

Procyanidin B1

/

0, 5, 50, 500 μM

Inhibiting the Kv10.1 channel in a concentration-dependent manner

[82]

Xenograft mice

Procyanidin B1

Subcutaneous injection

15 mg/kg b/w

Inhibiting the growth of the tumor

[82]

MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines

Procyanidin C1

/

6.25 ~ 100 μg/mL

Inducing DNA damage, arresting the cell cycle, Decreasing Bcl-2 levels, and increasing the expression of BAX, caspase 3 and 9 in cells

[83]

Human liver cancer cells Bel-7402 and human stomach cancer cells MGC-823

Lectins

/

6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 μg/mL

Inhibiting the growth of cells

[86]

Antimicrobial and anti-virus

Vero E6 cells

The dried stem, with leave of the plant/water–ethanol extracts

/

0, 25, 50, 100, 200 μg/mL

Inhibiting SARS-CoV 3CL protease activity

[87]

HBsAg

The whole plant/10% water extract

/

20, 40, 80, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2500 μg/50 μL

Exhibiting good inhibitory effect on HbsAg

[88]

DHBV-infected ducklings

Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, quinic acid

Intragastric administration

100 mg/kg b/w

Reducing the DHBV viremia

[89]

Diuretic

Anesthetized dogs

Avicularin

Intravenous injection

0.5 mg/kg b/w

Exhibiting diuresis

[95, 96]

Rats

Avicularin

Intragastric administration or injection

34 mg/kg b/w

Exhibiting significant diuretic effect

[95, 96]

Anti-hypertensive

Spontaneously hypertensive rats

Taxilli herba

Intragastric administration

1.48, 5.90 g/kg b/w

Increasing SOD activity, increasing NO release in serum, and decreasing AngII and ET-1 levels in plasma

[102]

Renal hypertensive rats

Quercetin

Intragastric administration

30 mg/kg b/w

Decreasing blood pressure, reducing the concentration of free calcium ions in renal artery smooth muscle cells

[103]

Anti-hyperglycemic

Hyperglycemia mice induced by streptozotocin

Total flavonoids

Intragastric administration

100, 200, 400 mg/kg b/w

Reducing the serum TC and TG levels and increase the serum HDL-G content of mice

[107]

Diabetic mice induced by streptozotocin (STZ)

Total flavonoids

Intragastric administration

150, 300, 600 mg/kg b/w

Inhibiting lipid peroxidation in mice, protecting thymus atrophy and improving insulin resistance in diabetic mice

[108]

HepG 2 cells

Taxilli herba

/

0.1, 0.01, 0.001 mg/mL

Promoting the metabolism of peripheral tissues and improving the sensitivity of liver cells to insulin

[109]

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model mice

The dried plant/Ethanol extract

Intragastric administration

7.5, 15, 30 g/kg b/w

Improving high blood glucose level, liver and kidney complications, and protecting liver and kidney function

[110]