From: Therapy of traumatic brain injury by modern agents and traditional Chinese medicine
Multipotential modern treatment strategies | Models | Species | Sample size | Gender | Mode of action | Effects on post-TBI consequences |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CCI | Rat | 36 | Male | ↓ the number of CD31+ cells and circulating EPCs | ↓ neuronal cell loss and impaired neurofunction | |
 | CCI | Rat | 296 | Male | ↑ MR; ↓GR | ↓apoptosis and cell loss, and impaired spatial memory |
 | CCI | Rat | Unknown | Male | ↓ TGF-β1, IL-1β, TNF-α,↑ IL-10) ;↓ Bax, ↑Bcl-2 | ↓cavity size;↑neuronal cell survival and improved motor functional recovery |
 | CCI | Rat | 24 | Male | ↓NeuN+ and apoptotic cells; ↓ activated microglia/infiltrated macrophages ; ↓ IL-1β, TGF-β1, TNF-α, and IFN-γ | ↓lesion volume; ↑motor and cognitive function |
WDI | Rat | 30 | Male | ↓S-100β and NES | ↑nerval protection effect | |
 | WDI | Rat | 40 | Male | ↓S-100β and IL-6 | ↑brain functional recovery |
 | WDI | Rat | 40 | Male | ↓neurological severity score, balance test;↑slanting board test | ↑ the recovery of neural dysfunction |
CCI | Mouse | 64 | Male | ↓leukocyte rolling; ↑GNT | ↓edema | |
 | WDI | Mouse | 100 | Both sexes | ↓p-tau | ↓learning and memory deficit |
Statins (atorvastatin, simvastatin, lovastatin) [28,29,30, 32] | WDI | Mouse | 36 | Male | ↓TNF-α, IL-1β, TBK1,TLR4; ↓microglia activation | ↓edema; ↓cognitive deficit |
 | WDI | Rat | 18 | Male | ↓TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, CD40 | ↓TBI-induced intestinal injury |
 | FPI | Rat | 30 | Male | ↓ TLR4,NF-KB p65,p-IκB,cleaved Caspase-3, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β | ↑neurological function |
 | FPI | Rat | 32 | Male | ↓GRP78, P-PERK,P-eif2α, ATF6,Caspase12,CHOP, Nrf2 and Caspase3 | ↓edema; ↑neurological function |
WDI | Mouse | 60 | Male | ↓ MCP-1 , IL-6, TNF-α, p-tau and NSE; ↑ MIP-1α | ↓ neuroinflammatory response | |
 | CCI | Pig | 20 | Female | ↓ p-tau and IL-1β | ↑neurological function |
 | CCI | Mouse | Unknown | Male | ↑immune activation at the 72 h, altere several myeloid and lymphoid cell populations | ↑immune-modulatory properties |
 | CCI | Mouse | Unknown | Both sexes | ↓ blood neutrophils in male mice 3 h post-TBI, ↑ monocyte subsets and dendritic cells | protective effects post-TBI but only in male mice |
WDI | Rat | 15 | Male | ↑BDNF and SDF-1; ↓NSE | ↑anti-inflammatory properties | |
 | CCI | Rat | 76 | Unknown | ↓NF-κB and GR; ↑GPX, SOD, GSH/GSSG and HIF-1α | ↓apoptosis and cell loss |
 | WDI | Mouse | Unknown | Male | ↓GFAP and S100; ↑MAPK, cAMP, CREB and NOR | ↑memory response, hippocampal neuroprotection, and neurogenesis |
 | WDI | Rat | 20 | Male | ↑AQP4, ↓GFAP | ↓brain edema |
CCI | Rat | 121 | Both sexes | ↑NOR, EAAT-3 and NaVβ3; ↓EPSCs,IPSCs, frequency and EPSC amplitude | ↑motor and memory functional recovery | |
 | CCI | Rat | 36 | Female | ↓ICP;↑CPP | ↓ cerebral edema; ↓learning and memory deficit |
 | WDI | Rat | 48 | Male | ↓Bcl-2; ↑BAX | ↑motor and cognitive function |
 | WDI | Rat | 210 | Female | ↑SOCS-3, p-STAT-3, NFκB-P52, p-NFκB-P65 and p-IκBα | ↓ brain edema |
 | WDI | Rat | Unknown | Female | ↑NGF; ↓ IL6 | ↓ cerebral edema |
CCI | Rat | 60 | Male | ↓ the numbers of degenerating neurons | ↓brain lesion; ↓learning and memory deficit | |
 | WDI | Rat | Unknown | Male | ↓ DNA fragmentation | ↓ neuronal cell loss and impaired neurofunction |
FPI | Rat | 180 | Male | ↓lethal apnea (an acute bolus of caffeine) | ↑motor function | |
 | WDI | Rat | 56 | Male | ↑spine density in OFC, mPFC and NAc; ↓telomere length | ↓motor and cognitive function |
 | WDI | Rat | 64 | Both sexes | ↑Drd1, Drd2, Gfap, Dnmt3a and longer telomeres | ↓anxiolytic-like behaviors |