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Table 3 The neuroprotective effects of herbal medicines on animal models post-TBI

From: Therapy of traumatic brain injury by modern agents and traditional Chinese medicine

Traditional Cinese medicines

Models

Species

Gender

Sample size

Mode of action

Effects on post‐TBI consequences

Panax ginseng [65, 66]

CCI

Mouse

Male

Unknown

↓ p-AMPKα, PGC-1α, ERRα, cytochrome c and MTCO2, O2 and ATP; ↑HO-1

↑ neurovascular function

 

CCI

Mouse

Male

Unknown

↑HO-1, Nrf2, Tom20 and PGC-1α; ↑Nampt, SIRT1, SIRT2, and SIRT3

↑ activity of astrocytes and neural stem cells

Panax notoginseng [70, 71]

WDI

Rat

Male

36

↓ p62,Beclin1, autophagy, light chain-3 protein

↓ apoptosis cells

 

WDI

Rat

Male

48

↓ p-p65, t-PA, PT, APTT and ET; ↑ t-PA/PAI-1, CD61, CD62

↓ intracranial hemorrhage

Gastrodia elata [74]

CCI

Rat

Female

Unknown

↓ astrocytes, TNF-α and IL-6

↓ inflammation

Rheum palmatum [77]

CCI

Rat

Male

80

↓ MMP-9, ROS and p-ERK; ↑ ZO-1

↓ brain edema

Ginkgo biloba [81]

WDI

Rat

Male

80

↓ MMP-2 and MMP-9

↓ brain edema

Curcuma longa/Polygonum cuspidatum/Salvia miltiorrhiza

Rhizoma drynariae [99, 100]

WDI

Rat

Male

72

↓ CD8 T cells, no affecting the expressions of IL-2 and CD4 cells

↑ immune-promoting, anti- inflammatory

 

CCI

Rat

Male

88

↓ IL-6,↑IL-10, CD3 and CD4 T lymphocytes, blood monocyte

↓ lesion volume, regulate cognitive and behavior function

  1. p-AMPKα phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase, PGC-1α peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-coactivator-1α, ERRα estrogen-related receptor α, MTCO2 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2, HO-1 heme oxygenase-1, PGC-1α peroxisome-proliferator-activating receptor-γ coactivator-1α, Tom20 translocase of the outer membrane of mitochondria 20, Nampt nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase, SIRT1/2/3 Sirtuin1/2/3, APTT activated partial thromboplastin time, t-PA thromboplastin time, PT prothrombin time, MMP-9 Matrix metalloproteinase 9