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Table 4 The neuroprotective effects compounds of Traditional Chinese medicines on animal models post-TBI

From: Therapy of traumatic brain injury by modern agents and traditional Chinese medicine

Compounds of Traditional Chinese medicines

Subordinate herb

Models

Species

Gender

Sample size

Mode of action

Effects on post‐TBI consequences

Ginsenoside Rg1 [67]

P. Ginseng

WDI

Rat

Male

48

↓ Exos-miR-21, MMP1/3/9, ↑TIMP3, VEGF, GFAP and p-P65/P65, ZO-1,occludin and claudin-5

↓ cerebrovascular endothelial injury

Ginsenoside Rb1 [68]

 

CCI

Rat

Male

36

↑ p-ERK1/2; ↓connexin40

↓ brain water content

Crocin [69]

C. tinctorius

CCI

Mouse

Male

150

↑ GSH, ↓ IFN-γ, TNF-α, MPO and MDA

↑anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects; ↑ cognitive function

Panax Notoginseng Saponins [72]

Panax notoginseng

WDI

Rat

Male

45

↑ PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Bcl-2; ↓ Bax

↓ apoptosis cells

Gastrodin [75]

Gastrodia elata

WDI

Rat

Male

30

↓GSDMD, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1,caspase-11 and IL-18

↓ pyroptosis

Rhein [79]

Rheum palmatum

WDI

Mouse

Male

44

↓ LDH, GSDMD, NLRP3, TLR4, MyD88, IL-1β, IL-18 and IFN-γ; ↑p10, p20 and p45

↑ cognitive function; ↓ pyroptosis

Emodin [80]

 

WDI

Rat

Male

50

↓ NF-κB p65, ICAM-1, S100B, IL-6 and TNF-α; ↑ Nrf2

↑ cognitive function

Ginkgolide B [82]

Ginkgo biloba

WDI

Rat

Unknown

30

↓ Omi/Htr A2, procaspase-3/9, cleaved PARP, XIAP

↓ apoptosis cells;↓ brain edema

Resveratrol [83,84,85]

P.cuspidatum

WDI

Mouse

Male

72

↓P-p38 MAPK; ↑ Sirtuin 1 and SYN

↑neurological function

  

WDI

Mouse

Male

42

↑PGC-1, Sirtuin1and SYN

↑ cognitive function

  

CCI

Rat

Male

150

↑P62,P-pI3K, P-Akt and P-mTOR; ↓LC3 II and Beclin-1

↓ brain edema; ↑ cognitive function

Curcumin [87,88,89,90]

C. longa

WDI

Rat

Male

36

↑ GFAP, DCX, Map2; ↓CD68

↓ brain lesion, apoptosis cells

  

WDI

Mouse

Male

30

↓ROS, CXCL1, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6; ↑GAP43, doublecortin

↑cognitive function

  

WDI

Mouse

Male

68

↓p-p38, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α; ↑IL-10

↑neurological function; ↓inflammatory response

  

CCI

Rat

Male

145

↑ BNDF, Trkb, PI3K and AKT;↑BrdU

↑ neurogenesis, spatial memory; ↓ inflammation

Salvianolic acid A [94]

S. miltiorrhiza

CCI

Mouse

Male

20

↓ TNF-α,IL-6,IFN-b,TLR2 and TLR4, NMDAR, PINK1,↑NMNAT1

↓ apoptosis

Tanshinone IIA [95]

 

WDI

Rat

Male

72

↓ p47phox, CD11, AQP4, GFAP, MDA, CAT, IL-1β, and TNF-α; ↑SOD and GSH-PX

↓brain edema,inflammation

Artesunate [96, 97]

A. annua

CCI

Mouse

Male

40

↓ Nf-kb, inflammation body complex, GFAP and Iba-1; ↑BDNF, GDNF and NT-3

↓inflammation

  

CCI

Rat

Male

30

↓ GSK-3β; ↑occludin, ZO-1 Phosphorylation of Akt

↓ brain water content and neuroinflammation

  1. TIMP3 tissue Inhibitors Of metalloproteinase 3, PI3K Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, GSDMD Gasdermin D, ASC apoptosis-related macular protein of the adapter protein containing CARD, NLRP3 NOD-like receptor protein 3, ICAM-1intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein, XIAP X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, LC-3II microtubule-associated-proteinlight-chain-3II, SYN synaptophysin, Trkb tropomyosin receptor kinase B