Fig. 3

SJP inhibits autophagy through the GSK3β/mTOR pathway with gene inhibition assays in H/R-treated H9c2 cardiomyocytes (n = 3). a and b SJP inhibited myocardial autophagy in rats as assessed by western blot. c and d H9c2 cells underwent transfection with adenoviruses harboring tandem fluorescent mRFP-GFP-LC3 (Ad-LC3-H9c2s) for 24 h and various treatments. Representative images of immunofluorescent H9c2 cells expressing mRFP-GFP-LC3 are depicted (bar = 50 μm). GFP and mRFP signals are green and red, respectively. Semiquantitative assessment of autophagosomes (AP, yellow dots in merged images) and autolysosomes (AL, red dots in merged images). e and f Numbers of autophagosomes determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, × 40,000). Data are mean ± SEM. ^*P < 0.05 versus Blank group; ^#P < 0.05 versus H/R group; ^{^}P < 0.05 versus SJP group; ^&P < 0.05 versus CHIR99021 group; ^$P < 0.05 versus Rapamycin group; ^!P < 0.05 versus TMP group