Cancers (cells) | Type | TCM | Formulation | ICIs | Upregulate | Downregulate | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mechanism: regulation of tumor microenvironment | |||||||
 Colon carcinoma (CT26) | In vivo and in vitro | Andrographis paniculata | Monomer | Anti-PD-1 | CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, IFN-γ, and granzyme B +  | COX2 and PGE2 | Liu W et al. [79] |
 Colon carcinoma (MC38) | In vivo and in vitro | Sanguisorbae Radix | Extract | Anti-PD-1 | CD8 + T cells | NA | Lee EJ et al. [86] |
 Colon carcinoma (CMT93 and HCT116) | In vivo and in vitro | Pien-Tze-Huang | Compound prescription | Anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 | CD3 + and CD8 + T cells, IFN-γ, and granzyme B + | p-STAT3, IRF1, and PD-L1 expression | Chen Q et al. [88] |
 Colon carcinoma (CT26) and breast cancer (4T1) | In vivo | Ginseng-derived nanoparticles | Monomer | Anti-PD-1 | CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, CCL5, CXCL9, granzyme B + , IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 | M2/M1 ratio | Han X et al. [84] |
 Colon carcinoma (MC38) | In vivo | Dahuang Fuzi Baijiang decoction | Compound prescription | Anti-PD-1 | CD8 + T and PD-1int T cells | PD-1hiTim3 + Tex | Xu Y et al. [83] |
 Colon carcinoma (MC38) | In vivo | Atractylenolide I | Monomer | Anti-PD-1 | CD8 + T cells | NA | Xu H et al. [85] |
 Breast cancer (4T1 or MDA-MB-231) | In vivo | Salvianolic acid B | Monomer | Anti-PD-L1 | CD8 + T cells, granzyme B + , IFN-γ | PD-1 expression | Qian C et al. [91] |
 Melanoma (B16F10) and colon carcinoma (MC38) and | In vivo and in vitro | Icaritin | Monomer | Anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 | CD8 + T cells | PD-L1 expression on MDSCs and neutrophils | Hao H et al. [93] |
 Melanoma (B16-F10) | In vivo and in vitro | Ailanthone | Monomer | Anti-PD-L1 | CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, granzyme B + , IFN-γ, M1 | Tregs, M2, MDSCs, and PD-L1 expression | Yu P et al. [94] |
 Lung cancer (A549 or lewis lung carcinoma) | In vivo and in vitro | Cryptotanshinone | Monomer | Anti-PD-L1 | CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, CXCL9, CXCL11, granzyme B + , IFN-γ, and perforin | DCs (CD11c + /CD45 +) | Liu S et al. [90] |
 Ovarian cancer (JHOC-5), colon cancer (MC38 or CT26) | In vivo and in vitro | Curcumin | Monomer | Anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 | CD8 + T cells, IFN-γ, DCs in the dLNs and spleens | STAT3 and IL-6 | Hayakawa T et al. [95] |
 Hepatocellular carcinoma (Hepa1-6) | In vivo | Bufalin | Monomer | Anti-PD-1 | CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, macrophage, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 | M2 phenotype, p50 NF-κB, and TGF-β | Yu Z et al. [96] |
Mechanism: modulation of gut microbiota | |||||||
 Colon carcinoma (CT26) | In vivo | Gegen Qinlian decoction | Compound prescription | Anti-PD-1 | s__Bacteroides_acidifaciens, s__uncultured_organism_g__norank_f__Bacteroidales_S24-7_group, CD8 + T cells, IL-1, and IFN-γ | CD4 + T cells | Lv J et al. [81] |
 Colon carcinoma (MC38) | In vivo | Jujube powder | TCM | Anti-PD-L1 | Diversity index of gut microbiota, and Lachnospiraceae | Prevotellaceae | Wang L et al. [80] |
 Lung cancer (lewis lung cancer) and melanoma (B16-F10) | In vivo | Ginseng polysaccharides | Monomer | Anti-PD-1 | Diversity index of gut microbiota, and Bacteroides (B. vulgatus and P. distasonis), CD8 + T cells, granzyme B + , IFN-γ, TNF-α, and SCFAs abundance | Treg cells, IDO activity, kynurenine/tryptophan ratio | Huang J et al. [89] |
Mechanism: others | |||||||
 Melanoma (B16) | In vivo and in vitro | Juzentaihoto | Compound prescription | Anti-PD-1 | IL-12, IFN-γ, and NKs activity | NA | Ishikawa S et al. [93] |
 Colon carcinoma (CT26) | In vivo and in vitro | Jiedu Sangen decoction | Compound prescription | Anti-PD-L1 | E-cadherin | N-cadherin, β-actin, Slug, Snail, Vimentin, PI3K, P-AKT, and AKT | Shan F et al. [82] |
 Melanoma (B16F10) | In vivo | Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides | Monomer | Anti-PD-L1 | NKs, IFN-γ, CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes and lung | B16 cells | Hwang J et al. [92] |
 Acute T lymphoblastic leukemia (Jurkat cells) | In vitro | YIV-906 (inspired by Huang Qin Tang) | Compound prescription | Anti-PD-1 | Nuclear factor of activated T cells activity | NA | Lam W et al. [97] |