Table 2 The major bio-functions of identified proteins
Protein name | Protein symbol | Subcellular location | Protein functions | Up/down regulation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Cell growth and cell cycle regulation | ||||
14-3-3 Gamma, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, gamma | 14-3-3γ | Cytoplasm | G2 DNA damage checkpoint [37] | ↓ |
mitotic checkpoint protein BUB3 isoform A | BUB3 | Nucleus | Spindle-assembly checkpoint signalling and establishment of correct kinetochore-microtubule attachments [38] | ↓ |
microtubule-associated protein RP/EB family member 1 | MAPRE1 | Cytoplasm | Microtubule polymerization [39] | ↓ |
Dynactin subunit 2 | DCTN2 | Cytoplasm | Modulates cytoplasmic dynein binding to an organelle, and prometaphase chromosome alignment and spindle organization during mitosis [40] | ↑ |
thioredoxin-like protein | GLRX3 | Cytoplasm | Human cancer cell growth and metastasis regulation [41] | ↓ |
Chloride intracellular channel protein 1 | CLIC1 | Nucleus membrane, cell membrane | Formation of chloride ion channels, and regulation of the cell cycle [42] | ↓ |
Anti-cancer effects | ||||
ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 5, isoform | ENTPD5 | Endoplasmic reticulum lumen | Promoting glycolysis in proliferating cells in response to phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling in the AKT1-PTEN signalling pathway [43] | ↓ |
N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 | NDRG1 | Cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane | Metastasis suppression [44] | ↑ |
heat shock protein beta-1 | HSPB1 | Cytoplasm, nucleus | Stress resistance and actin organization [45] | ↑ |
alpha-enolase isoform 1 | ENO1 | Cytoplasm, cell membrane | Multifunctional enzyme in various processes such as growth control, hypoxia tolerance and allergic responses [46] | ↑ |
Other functions | ||||
xaa-Pro dipeptidase isoform 3 | PEPD | Cytoplasm | Collagen and GSH metabolism [47] | ↓ |
Enoyl-CoA delta isomerase 1, mitochondrial | ECI1 | Mitochondrion matrix |  | ↓ |
The Protein-Disulfide Isomerase Related Chaperone Erp29 | ERP29 | Endoplasmic reticulum lumen | Processing of secretory proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum, possibly by participating in the folding of proteins in the ER [48] | ↓ |
phosphatidylinositol transfer protein beta isoform | PITPNB | Cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus | Catalyzes the transfer of PtdIns and phosphatidylcholine between membranes [49] | ↑ |
hnRNP 2H9B | HNRNPH3 | Nucleus | Involved in the splicing process and participates in early heat shock-induced splicing arrest [50] | ↓ |
WD repeat-containing protein 1 isoform 1 | WDR1 | Cytoplasm | Induces disassembly of actin filaments in conjunction with ADF/cofilin family proteins [51] | ↑ |
peroxiredoxin 1 | PRDX1 | Cytoplasm | Involved in redox regulation of the cell. Reduces peroxides with reducing equivalents provided through the thioredoxin system but not from glutaredoxin [52] | ↓ |
WD-40 repeat protein, serine/threonine kinase receptor associated protein | STRAP | Cytoplasm, nucleus | The SMN complex plays an essential role in spliceosomal snRNP assembly in the cytoplasm and is required for pre-mRNA splicing in the nucleus [53, 54] | ↓ |