Table 3 Structures and in vitro anti-cancer activity of identified GpM components

1

H

H

CH₃

H

47.12 (HL-60)

[122]

2

H

H

CH₃

H

45.50 (HL-60)

[122]

3

H

H

CH₃

H

HL-60, Colon 205, Du145, GC-7901, BEL-7402

[85, 86]

4

H

H

CH₃

H

HL-60, Colon 205, Du145, GC-7901, BEL-7402

[85, 86]

5

H

H

CHO

H

HL-60, Colon 205, Du145, GC-7901, BEL-7402

[85, 86]

6

H

H

CHO

H

HL-60, Colon 205, Du145, GC-7901, BEL-7402

[85, 86]

7

CH₃

H

CHO

H

HL-60, Colon 205, Du145, GC-7901, BEL-7402

[85, 86]

8

CH₃

H

CHO

H

HL-60, Colon 205, Du145, GC-7901, BEL-7402

[85, 86]

9

CH₃

H

CH₃

H

HL-60, Colon 205, Du145, GC-7901, BEL-7402

[85, 86]

10

CH₃

H

CH₃

OH

67.66 ± 3.36 (HL-60), 18.45 ± 0.93 (MCF-7), 34.95 ± 0.93(HT-29), 20.97 ± 1.49 (A549), 27.68 ± 1.58 (SK-OV-3)

[53]

11

CH₃

H

CH₃

=O

>109.2 (HL-60), 42.81 ± 3.60 (MCF-7), 22.06 ± 2.18 (HT-29), 31.45 ± 2.62 (A549), 30.25 ± 1.53 (SK-OV-3)

[53]

12

CH₃

H

CH₃

=O

>107.6 (HL-60), 23.03 ± 1.40 (MCF-7), 46.30 ± 1.08 (HT-29), 21.09 ± 1.18 (A549), 35.62 ± 0.97 (SK-OV-3)

[53]

13

CH₃

H

CH₃

=O

76.63 ± 2.98 (HL-60), 23.62 ± 1.02 (MCF-7), 39.34 ± 1.02 (HT-29), 19.90 ± 1.40 (A549), 19.90 ± 1.49 (SK-OV-3)

[53]

14

H

H

CH₃

H

7.44 (HL-60), 27.80 (Colon 205), 24.12 (Du145)

[127]

15

H

H

H

CH₃

H

3.90 (MDA-MB-435)

[128]

16

H

H

H

CH₃

H

0.05 ± 0.01 (A549), 0.25 ± 0.07 (U87)

[129]

17

H

OH

H

CH₃

OH

12.54 ± 0.53 (A549)

[130]

18

H

OH

CH₃

OH

34.94 ± 4.23 (A549)

[130]

19

H

H

H

CH₃

H

40 ± 0.7 (HepG2)

[44]

20

H

H

H

CH₃

OH

38 ± 0.5 (HepG2)

[44]

21

H

H

H

CH₃

H

41.89 (HCT116), 20.94 (HT-29), 32.61 (MCF-7)

[55]

22

H

H

H

CH₃

H

41.40 (HCT116), 19.00 (HT-29), 28.82 (MCF-7)

[55]

23

H

H

CHO

H

32.00 ± 1.24 (HepG2)

[56]

24

H

H

CH₃

H

21.38 ± 1.06 (HepG2)

[56]

25

H

OH

CH₃

OH

74.3 ± 1.9 (A549)

[59]

26

18.41 (HT-29), 4.46 (MCF-7), 9.39 ± 0.9 (DI145), 6.93 ± 0.5 (22RV-1)

[54, 55]

27

20.38 (HT-29), 13.51 (MCF-7)

[55]

28

16.14 (HT-29), 8.84 (MCF-7)

[55]

Flavonoid fraction

33.3 (PC-3)

[21]

Carotenoid fraction

1.6 (Hep3B)

[84]

Chlorophyll fraction

57.5 (Hep3B)

[84]

Nonpolar fraction

38.02 ± 2.98 (MDA-MB-453), 31.62 ± 1.76 (HCT116), 35.48 ± 3.81 (LNCaP), 35.48 ± 6.45 (MCF7)

[22]

Gypenosides

47.6 (Hep3B), 39.3 (PC-3), 30.6 (A549) HL-60, MCF-7, HT-29, Colon 205, Du145, MDA-MB-435, U87, A549, SK-OV-3, HepG2, SGC-7901, BEL-7402, Huh-7, HA22T, SW620, Eca-109, SAS, L1210, WEHI-3, SW-480, KB/VCR, MCF-7/ADR

[19, 21, 36, 44, 85–87, 89–91, 105–109, 111, 112, 114, 115, 119, 121, 131, 132]

Polysaccharide

65.4 (B16), HT-29, B16, Hela, SW-1116, HepG2

[44, 87, 88, 119]

Ethanolic extract

C6, HT-59

[113, 133]