Table 1 Comparative summary of major heavy metal detection techniques in MTCMs
Detection method | Limit of detection | Detection sensitivity | Analysis elements at the same time | Time of analysis | Advantages | Disadvantages | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ICP-MS | 10–15-10–12 | Higest | Multiple | All elements 2–6 min/sample | Fast analysis speed. With lower detection limits Wide range of detection High degree of automation Wide dynamic linear range | High cost Samples generally need to be pre-transformed into solution Some light elements (e.g.,S, Ca, Fe, K, Se) have serious interference in ICPMS | [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] |
ICP-AES | 10–9 | Low | Multiple | 5–30 elements/minute/sample | High sensitivity Low limit of detection Wide range of detection | Higher equipment and operating costs Large argon consumption of working gas | [87] [88] |
AFS | 10–9 | High | Multiple | 6–10 min/sample | High sensitivity Low limit of detection Fewer interferences Wide dynamic linear range Simple score lines | Smaller detection rnge | [89] |
AAS | 10–12–10–9 | High | Single | 3–4 min/sample | High selectivity High sensitivity Wide range of detection High anti-interference ability | Unable to achieve simultaneous quantitative analysis of multiple elements Narrow linear range Expensive instruments | [90] [91] |
XRF | 10–9 | Low | Multiple | 5–20 s/sample | Simple operation Rapid detection | Weaker technology | [92] [88] |