A systematic review of the research progress of traditional Chinese medicine against pulmonary fibrosis: from a pharmacological perspective

Qin, Shanbo; Tan, Peng; Xie, Junjie; Zhou, Yongfeng; Zhao, Junning

doi:10.1186/s13020-023-00797-7

Table 2 Details about some traditional Chinese medicines improving pulmonary fibrosis by anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation effects

From: A systematic review of the research progress of traditional Chinese medicine against pulmonary fibrosis: from a pharmacological perspective

No	Source	Genus information	Traditional efficacy	Active compound	Experiment model	Administration dose	Therapeutic target	Cytokine	Refs.
1	Salviae miltiorrhizae radix et rhizoma	Lamiaceae	Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, reducing swelling and relieving pain	Salvia miltiorrhiza	BLM-induced PF mice and NIH3T3 cells	Mice (21, 40, 80 mg/kg)	Anti-oxidation	Nrf2, NOX4	[228]
1				Salvia miltiorrhiza	BLM-induced PF mice and NIH3T3 cells	Cell (0.1, 1, 3 μmol/L)	Anti-oxidation	Nrf2, NOX4	[228]
2				Tanshinone IIA	Silica-induced PF rats	Rats (25 mg/kg)	Regulation of TGF-β1/Smad and Nrf2/ARE signaling	TGF-β1, Nrf2	[229]
3					BLM-induced PF mice and PLFs, NIH-3T3 cells	Mice (5, 10, 20 mg/kg)	Inhibition of TGF-β1-Smad3 signaling	Nrf2, TGF-β1	[152]
3					BLM-induced PF mice and PLFs, NIH-3T3 cells	Cell (0.01–500 μmol/L)	Inhibition of TGF-β1-Smad3 signaling	Nrf2, TGF-β1	[152]
4				Sodium Tanshinone IIA sulfonate	Silica-induced PF rats and A549, RLE-6TN, MRC-5, NIH-3T3 cells	Rats (25 mg/kg)	Up-regulation of Nrf2 nuclear expression	Nrf2, Trx, TrxR	[231]
4				Sodium Tanshinone IIA sulfonate		Cell (μmol/L)	Up-regulation of Nrf2 nuclear expression	Nrf2, Trx, TrxR	[231]
5				Salvianolic acid B	BLM-induced PF mice and hy926 cells	Mice (10 mg/kg)	Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant	IL-1β, TNF-α, NF-κB	[230]
5					BLM-induced PF mice and hy926 cells	Cell (50 μg/mL)	Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant	IL-1β, TNF-α, NF-κB	[230]
6					BLM-induced PF rats and MRC-5 cells	Rats (20 mg/kg)	Regulates Nrf2 signaling	Nrf2, α-SMA, TGF-β1	[138]
6					BLM-induced PF rats and MRC-5 cells	Cell (40 μmol/L)	Regulates Nrf2 signaling	Nrf2, α-SMA, TGF-β1	[138]
7				Salvianolic acid B/sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate	THP-1 cells	Cell (0–600 μg/mL)	Inhibit TGF-β1 signaling	TGF-β1, α-SMA	[153]
8	Curcumae longae rhizoma	Zingiberaceae	Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, Regulating menstruation and relieving pain	Curcumin	BLM-induced PF mice	Mice (75 mg/kg)	Inhibit NF-κB signaling	AMPK, COX-2	[232]
9					paraquat-induced PF rats	Rats (200 mg/kg)	Improve pulmonary fibrosis	Smad 4, Smurf 2	[233]
10					LMSCs cells	Cell (2.5, 5, 10, 20 μmol/L)	Regulation of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling	Akt, Nrf2, HO-1	[234]
11					BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (300 mg/kg)	Inhibition of ECM precipitate formation	/	[235]
12					A549 cells	Cell (20 μmol/L)	Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad/non Smad signaling	TGF-β1, Smad	[147]
13	Rhei radix et rhizoma	Polygonaceae	Purging and defecating, clearing heat and detoxification	Chrysophanol	BLM-induced PF mice	Mice (10 mg/kg)	Inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling	β-catenin, Bax, TNF-α, IL-1β	[226]
14				Emodin	BLM-induced PF rats and A549 cells	Rats (20 mg/kg)	Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant	IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB	[225]
14				Emodin	BLM-induced PF rats and A549 cells	Cell (60 μmol/L)	Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant	IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB	[225]
15				Rhapontin	BLM-induced PF rats and THP-1 cells	Rats (25, 50, 100 mg/kg)	Regulation of TGF-β/Smad signaling	TGF-β1, Smad	[137]
15				Rhapontin	BLM-induced PF rats and THP-1 cells	Cell (50 μmol/L)	Regulation of TGF-β/Smad signaling	TGF-β1, Smad	[137]
16	Polygoni cuspidati rhizoma et radix	Polygonaceae	Clearing heat and detoxification, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis	Polydatin	MTX‐induced PF rats	Rats (25, 50, 100 mg/kg)	Inhibit TGF-β1 signaling	TGF-β1, HYP, α-SMA, TNF-α	[236]
17					BLM-induced PF rats and A549 cells	Rats (10, 40, 160 mg/kg)	Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad signaling	TGF-β1, Smad2/3, Erk1/2	[156]
17					BLM-induced PF rats and A549 cells	Cell (0–120 μmol/L)	Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad signaling	TGF-β1, Smad2/3, Erk1/2	[156]
18					BLM-induced PF rats and HFL-1 cells	Rats (100 mg/kg)	Regulation of TGF-β/Smad signaling	TGF-β, Smad2/3, TNF-α, IL-1β	[157]
18					BLM-induced PF rats and HFL-1 cells	Cell (50, 150 mmol/L)	Regulation of TGF-β/Smad signaling	TGF-β, Smad2/3, TNF-α, IL-1β	[157]
19	Astragali radix	Fabaceae	Replenishing qi and solidifying the surface, strengthening the upright and dispelling evil	Baicalin	BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (25, 100 mg/kg)	Activate SOD	/	[237]
20				Astragaloside IV	Silica-induced PF rats	Rats (20 mg/kg)	Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad signaling	TGF-β1, α-SMA	[238]
21				Astragaloside IV	A549 cells	Cell (20 mg/mL)	Inhibit the expression of NLRP3	NLRP3, TGF-β1, Smad2/3, α-SMA	[158]
22	Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f	Ranunculaceae	Clearing heat and detoxification, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis	Triptolide	radiation-induced PF mice and NIH3T3 cells	Mice (0.25 mg/kg)	Inhibit NF-κB signaling	NF-κB, LOX, IκBα	[239]
22					radiation-induced PF mice and NIH3T3 cells	cell (5 ng/mL)	Inhibit NF-κB signaling	NF-κB, LOX, IκBα	[239]
23					HFL-1 cells	Cell (5, 10, 15, 20 nmol/L)	Regulation of FAK/calin signaling	FAK, calain	[160]
24				Isorhynchophylline	Silica-induced PF mice	Mice (20 mg/kg)	Anti-inflammatory	/	[240]
25	Andrographis herba	Acanthaceae	Clearing heat and detoxification, cooling blood	Andrographolide	BLM-induced PF rats and A549 cells	Rats (10 mg/kg)	Regulation of AKT/mTOR signaling	AKT, mTOR	[134]
26	Andrographis herba	Acanthaceae	Clearing heat and detoxification, cooling blood	Andrographolide	A549 cells	Cell (0–20 μmol/L)	Inhibits A and B signaling	TGF-β1, Smad2/3, MMP-9	[133]
27	Schisandrae chinensis fructus	Magnoliaceae	Astringent and astringent, replenishing qi and invigorating fluid	Schisantherin A	BLM-induced PF mice and A549 cells	Mice (1, 2, 4 mg/kg)	Inhibition of ERK signaling	ERK, α-SMA, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α	[162]
27				Schisantherin A	BLM-induced PF mice and A549 cells	Cell (0.625, 10 μmol/L)	Inhibition of ERK signaling	ERK, α-SMA, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α	[162]
28				Schisandrin B	BLM-induced PF mice	Mice (5, 10, 20 mg/kg)	Inhibits Wnt signaling	MMP7, SOD, TGF-β1	[163]
29	glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma	Fabaceae	Nourishes qi and nourishes yin, clears away heat and detoxifies	Licorice extract	paraquat-induced PF mice and A549, HepG2 cells	Mice (20, 40, 60 mg/kg)	Regulates Nrf2 signaling	Nrf2, TGF-β1, CYP3A4, MDA	[241]
29				Licorice extract	paraquat-induced PF mice and A549, HepG2 cells	Cell (0–100 μmol/L)	Regulates Nrf2 signaling	Nrf2, TGF-β1, CYP3A4, MDA	[241]
30				Deglycyrrhizinated licorice	BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (75, 150, 300 mg/kg)	Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant	/	[242]
31	Ferulae resina	Apiaceae	Activating qi to relieve pain, warming menstruation and dispelling cold	Ferulic acid	Silica-induced PF mice	Mice (100, 300 mg/kg)	Inhibit TGF-β1 signaling	TGF-β1, Smad2/3, CTGF, Slug	[166]
32	Birch bark	Betulaceae	Clear away heat and dampness, detoxify	Betulinic acid	BLM-induced PF mice and MLG, PPF cells	Mice (20, 40, 80 mg/kg)	Inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling	β-catenin, Col 1, α-SMA	[69]
32	Birch bark	Betulaceae	Clear away heat and dampness, detoxify	Betulinic acid	BLM-induced PF mice and MLG, PPF cells	Cell (5, 10, 20 μmol/L)	Inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling	β-catenin, Col 1, α-SMA	[69]
33	Bletillae rhizoma	Orchidaceae	Convergence to stop bleeding, reduce swelling and promote muscle growth	Bletilla striata	RAW264.7 cells	Cell (2.5 μg/mL)	Anti-inflammatory	/	[243]
34	Chelidonii herba	Papaveraceae	Clearing heat and detoxification, reducing swelling and relieving pain	Chelerythrine	BLM-induced PF mice	Mice (0.375, 0.75 mg/kg)	activate Nrf2/ARE signal transduction	Nrf2, ARE	[244]
35	Stemonae radix	Stemonaceae	Expelling phlegm and relieving cough, killing insects and expelling Ascaris	Stemona alkaloids	BLM-induced PF mice and PFB cells	Mice (30, 60 mg/kg)	Inhibits JAK2/STAT3 and CXCR4/PI3K/AKT1 signaling	STAT3, PI3K, AKT1	[245]
35	Stemonae radix	Stemonaceae		Stemona alkaloids	BLM-induced PF mice and PFB cells	Cell (1, 10, 100 μg/mL)	Inhibits JAK2/STAT3 and CXCR4/PI3K/AKT1 signaling	STAT3, PI3K, AKT1	[245]
36	Atractylodis rhizoma	Asteraceae	Invigorate the spleen and appetizer, remove dampness and dissipate phlegm	Atractylenolide III	BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (0.6, 1.2, 2.4 mg/kg)	activate Nrf2/NQO1/HO-1 signal transduction	Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1	[246]
37	Rehmanniae radix	Oleaceae	Nourishing yin and tonifying blood, clearing heat and cooling blood	catalpol	BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (10, 20, 40 mg/kg)	Antioxidant inhibits EMT	TGF-β, Smad3	[247]
38	Erigeron breviscapus	Asteraceae	Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, clearing heat and detoxification	Scutellarin	BLM-induced PF mice and A549 cells	Mice (30, 60, 90 mg/kg)	Regulation of NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling	NF-κB, NLRP3	[171]
38	Erigeron breviscapus	Asteraceae		Scutellarin	BLM-induced PF mice and A549 cells	cell (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mmol/L)	Regulation of NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling	NF-κB, NLRP3	[171]
39	Spirulina			Phycocyanin	BLM-induced PF mice	Mice (50 mg/kg)	Anti-inflammatory	IL-6, TNF-α	[248]
40	Various plant sources			Epicatechin	BLM-induced PF mice	Mice (20, 50, 100 mg/kg)	Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant	/	[249]
41				Sinapic acid	BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (10, 20 mg/kg)	Inhibit NF-κB/NRF2/HO-1 signaling	NF-κB, NRF2, HO-1	[250]
42				Pinocembrin	BLM-induced PF mice	Mice (5, 25, 50 mg/kg)	Inhibit TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling	NF-κB, NLRP3	[251]
42				Pinocembrin	BLM-induced PF mice	cell (100, 200, 300 μmol/L)	Inhibit TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling	NF-κB, NLRP3	[251]
43	Cymbopogon winterianus	Cymbopogon		Essential oil of Cymbopogon winterianus	BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (50, 100, 200 mg/kg)	Inhibit TGF-β1 signaling	TGF-β1, SOD. MDA	[252]
44	Citrus fruits	Rutaceae	Invigorate the spleen and replenish qi, moisturize the lungs and relieve cough	Hesperidin	BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (25, 50, 100 mg/kg)	Inhibits TGF-β1/Smad3/AMPK and I-κBα/NF-κB signaling	TGF-β1, NF-κB	[253]
45	Alpiniae officinarum rhizoma	Zingiberaceae	Regulating qi and relieving pain, removing dampness and resolving phlegm	Galangin	BLM-induced PF mice and A549 cells	Mice (25, 50 mg/kg)	Suppress EMT	E-cadherin, vimentin, α-SMA, MMP-9	[176]
45	Alpiniae officinarum rhizoma	Zingiberaceae		Galangin	BLM-induced PF mice and A549 cells	Cell (0–100 μmol/L)	Suppress EMT	E-cadherin, vimentin, α-SMA, MMP-9	[176]
46	Puerariae lobatae radix	Fabaceae	Relieving cold, sweating and detoxification	Puerarin	HLF1 cells	Cell (200, 400, 600 μg/mL)	Inhibition of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling	TGF-β1, Caspase3, Bcl-2, Smad3	[254]
47	Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma	Fabaceae	Clearing heat and detoxification, moistening the lungs and relieving cough	Glycyrrhiza glabra	BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (500 mg/kg)	Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant	HYP, LPO	[255]
48	Laminaria japonica	Phaeophyta	Clearing heat and detoxification, softening and dispersing knots	Low molecular weight fucoidan	BLM-induced PF mice and A549 cells	Mice (25, 50, 100 mg/kg)	Antioxidant inhibits fibrosis	NRF-2, HO-1, NQO1	[256]
48	Laminaria japonica	Phaeophyta		Low molecular weight fucoidan	BLM-induced PF mice and A549 cells	Cell (50, 100, 200 μg/mL)	Antioxidant inhibits fibrosis	NRF-2, HO-1, NQO1	[256]
49	Carthami flos	Asteraceae	Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, regulating menstruation and relieving pain	Hydroxysafflor Yellow A	MRC-5 cells	Cell (5, 15, 45 μmol/L)	Inhibit NF-κB/AP-1 signaling	NF-κB, AP-1	[257]
50	Carthami flos	Asteraceae		Hydroxysafflor Yellow A	BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (35.6, 53.3, 80 mg/kg)	Anti-inflammatory	α-SMA, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β	[258]
51	Rhodiolae crenulatae radix et rhizoma	Crassulaceae	Replenishing qi and activating blood circulation, dredging pulse and relieving asthma	Rutin	BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (50, 100 mg/kg)	Regulation of TGF-β1/α-SMA/Col I/III signaling	TGF-β1, α-SMA	[259]
52	Juglans	Juglandaceae	Moistening the bowels, relieving cough and resolving phlegm	Juglanin	BLM-induced PF mice and MRC-5, MLE-12 cells	Mice (80 mg/kg)	Suppress sting	Sting, MMP-9, α-SMA, TGF-β1	[179]
52	Juglans	Juglandaceae	Moistening the bowels, relieving cough and resolving phlegm	Juglanin	BLM-induced PF mice and MRC-5, MLE-12 cells	Cell (0–160 μmol/L)	Suppress sting	Sting, MMP-9, α-SMA, TGF-β1	[179]
53	Trigonellae semen	Fabaceae	Warming the middle and dispelling cold, regulating qi and relieving pain	Diosgenin	BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (100 mg/kg)	Regulation of TGF-β/Smad signaling	TGF-β1, snail, NF-κB, COX-2, IL-1β	[180]
53	Trigonellae semen	Fabaceae		Diosgenin	BLM-induced PF rats	Cell (10–30 μmol/L)	Regulation of TGF-β/Smad signaling	TGF-β1, snail, NF-κB, COX-2, IL-1β	[180]
54	Coptidis rhizoma	Ranunculaceae	Clearing heat and dryness, purging fire and detoxification	Berberine	BLM-induced PF mice	Mice (50, 100, 200 mg/kg)	Activate PPAR-γ	HGF, PPAR-γ	[260]
55	Astragali radix/ferulae resina	Fabaceae/Apiaceae	Replenishing qi and solidifying the surface, strengthening the upright and dispelling evil	Astragaloside IV/ferulic acid	BLM-induced PF mice	Mice (24 + 40.8 mg/kg)	Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling	TGF-β1, Nrf2	[261]
56	Scutellariae radix	Scutellaria	Clearing away heat and dampness, purging fire and detoxifying	Baicalin	BLM-induced PF rats and RPF	Rats (50 mg/kg)	Regulation of CaMKII and PI3K/AKT signaling	PI3K, AKT	[141]
56				Baicalin	BLM-induced PF rats and RPF	Cell (20, 40, 60, 80 μg/mL)	Regulation of CaMKII and PI3K/AKT signaling	PI3K, AKT	[141]
57				Calycosin, CA	BLM-induced PF mice and MLE-12 cells	Mice (7, 14 mg/kg)	Inhibit AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling	AKT, GSK3β	[144]
57				Calycosin, CA	BLM-induced PF mice and MLE-12 cells	cell (0–80 μmol/L)	Inhibit AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling	AKT, GSK3β	[144]
58	Centellae herba	Apiaceae	Clearing heat and detoxification, promoting diuresis and detumescence	Asiaticoside	BLM-induced PF mice	Mice (50 mg/kg)	Activates cAMP and RAP1 signaling	A2AR, RAP1	[262]
59	Centellae herba	Apiaceae		Asiaticoside	BLM-induced PF mice	Mice (50 mg/kg)	Up-regulation of BMP7/Smad1/5 signaling	BMP7, Smad1/5	[263]
60	Tribuli fructus	Cucurbitaceae	Soothing the liver and relieving depression, promoting diuresis and reducing swelling	Terrestrosin D	BLM-induced PF mice	Mice (10 mg/kg)	Anti-inflammatory	HYP, IL-6, IL-8, TGF-β, PDGF-AB	[264]
61	Zingiberis rhizoma recens	Zingiberaceae	Warm the middle to dissipate the cold, solve the surface and dissipate the cold	Zingerone	BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (50, 100 mg/kg)	Affects TGF-β1 and iNOS signaling	TGF-β1, MDA, SOD, TNF-α, IL-1β	[265]
62	Lonicerae japonicae caulis	Caprifoliaceae	Clearing heat and detoxification, relieving surface and dissipating heat	Blue honeysuckle extract	Silica-induced PF mice and HLN cells	Mice (100, 200, 400 mg/kg)	Regulation of NRF2/HO-1 MAPK signaling	NRF2, HO-1, MAPK	[266]
63	Lonicerae japonicae caulis	Caprifoliaceae		Cyanidin-3-glucoside	Silica-induced PF mice	Mice (100, 200, 400 mg/kg)	Inhibits STAT1/3 signaling	STAT1, STAT3	[267]
64	Blueberry	Ericaceae		Pterostilbene	LPS-induced PF mice	Mice (12.5, 25, 50 mg/kg)	Activation of Keap-1/Nrf2 inhibits A20/NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling	NF-κB, NLRP3	[268]
65	Cyanobacteria			C-Phycocyanin	Oleic acid-induced PF mice and A549, HFL-1 cells	Mice (1, 3, 9 mg/kg)	Regulation of TGF-β/Smad and MAPK signaling	TGF-β1, MAPK	[184]
65	Cyanobacteria			C-Phycocyanin	Oleic acid-induced PF mice and A549, HFL-1 cells	Cell (10, 30 μmol/L)	Regulation of TGF-β/Smad and MAPK signaling	TGF-β1, MAPK	[184]
66	Eclipta prostrata L	Asteraceae	Heat-clearing and detoxification, black hair	Wedelolactone	BLM-induced PF mice and PLFs cells	Mice (2, 10 mg/kg)	Inhibition of RAF1-MAPKs signaling	Col I, α-SAM, AMPK	[185]
66	Eclipta prostrata L	Asteraceae	Heat-clearing and detoxification, black hair	Wedelolactone	BLM-induced PF mice and PLFs cells	cell (10 μmol/L)	Inhibition of RAF1-MAPKs signaling	Col I, α-SAM, AMPK	[185]
67	Nelumbinis semen	Nelumbonaceae	Clear the heart and calm the mind, moisturize the lungs and relieve cough	Lotus plumule extract	BLM-induced PF mice	mice (80, 160, 240 mg/kg)	Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling	TGF-β1, α-SMA	[186]
68	Oxytropis falcata Bunge	Fabaceae	Clearing heat and detoxification, dispelling wind and dispersing blood stasis	Flavonoids of Oxytropis falcata	BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (100, 200, 400 mg/kg)	Regulates JAK/STAT1 signaling	SOCS, p-JAK1	[269]
69	gentianae radix et rhizoma	Gentianaceae	Clearing heat, dryness and dampness, purging liver and gallbladder fire	Gentiopicroside	BLM-induced PF mice	Mice (2.5, 10 mg/kg)	Anti-inflammatory	TNF-α, IL‐1β, TGF-β1, CTGF	[187]
70	Cervi cornu pantotrichum		Tonifying the kidney and tonifying essence, strengthening muscles and bones	Pilose antler peptide	BLM-induced PF mice and A549 cells	Mice (50, 100 mg/kg)	Regulation of ROCK/NF-κB signaling	NF-κB, MPO, SOD, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IκBα	[270]
71	Siratia grosvenorii	Cucurbitaceae	Clear heat and moisturize the lungs, invigorate body and quench thirst	Mogrol	BLM-induced PF mice and NIH3T3 cells	Mice (1, 5, 10 mg/kg)	Regulation of TGF-β1 and AMPK signaling	TGF-β1, AMPK	[188]
71	Siratia grosvenorii	Cucurbitaceae		Mogrol	BLM-induced PF mice and NIH3T3 cells	Cell (1, 5, 10 μmol/L)	Regulation of TGF-β1 and AMPK signaling	TGF-β1, AMPK	[188]
72	Gallnut	Anacardiaceae	Stop diarrhea, converge, astringent intestines	Gallic acid derivative	BLM-induced PF mice	Mice (75, 150, 300 mg/kg)	Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant	NOX4, Nrf2	[271]
73	Ophiopogonis radix	Liliaceae	Nourish yin and moisturize dryness, clear the heart and calm the mind	Ophiopogonin C	radiation-induced PF mice	Mice (3 mg/kg)	Inhibit TGF-β1 signaling	TGF-β1, IL-6, HYP, SOD, MDA, MMP-2	[272]
74	Mangifera indica	Anacardiaceae	Clearing heat and detoxification, invigorating the stomach and eliminating food	Mangiferin	BLM-induced PF rats and A549 cells	Rats (40 mg/kg)	Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling	TLR4, TGF-β1	[189]
74	Mangifera indica	Anacardiaceae		Mangiferin	BLM-induced PF rats and A549 cells	Cell (10 μg/mL)	Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling	TLR4, TGF-β1	[189]
75	Rosmarinus officinalis	Lamiaceae		Rosmarinic Acid	radiation-induced lung damage rats	Rats (30, 60, 120 mg/kg)	Inhibits RhoA/Rock signaling	RhoA, Rock	[273]
76	Rosmarinus officinalis	Lamiaceae		Carnosol	BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (10, 20, 40 mg/kg)	Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant	HYP, MDA, PC, NO, GSH, SOD, TNF-α, IL-6	[274]
77	Oroxyli semen	Palmaceae	Detoxify and remove phlegm, relieve cough and asthma	Chrysin	BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (50 mg/kg)	Inhibit TGF-β1 signaling	TGF-β1, TXNIP	[275]
78	Aucklandiae radix	Asteraceae	Regulate spleen and stomach, remove dampness and eliminate phlegm	Costunolide	BLM-induced PF mice and HELF cells	Mice (10, 20 mg/kg)	Regulation of NF-kB and TGF-β1/Smad2/Nrf2-NOX4 signaling	NF-kB, TGF-β1	[276]
78	Aucklandiae radix	Asteraceae		Costunolide	BLM-induced PF mice and HELF cells	Cell (10, 20 μmol/L)	Regulation of NF-kB and TGF-β1/Smad2/Nrf2-NOX4 signaling	NF-kB, TGF-β1	[276]
79	Grape			Resveratrol	BLM-induced PF rats and BEAS-2B cells	Rats (25, 50, 100 mg/kg)	Inhibits HIF-1α and NF-κB signaling	HIF-1α, NF-κB	[277]
79					BLM-induced PF rats and BEAS-2B cells	Cell (2.5, 5, 10 mg/mL)	Inhibits HIF-1α and NF-κB signaling	HIF-1α, NF-κB	[277]
80					PM-induced PF mice and BEAS-2B cells	Mice (100 mg/kg)	Inhibit the expression of NLRP3	NLRP3, TGF-β1, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, α-SMA	[278]
80					PM-induced PF mice and BEAS-2B cells	Cell (1, 5 μmol/L)	Inhibit the expression of NLRP3	NLRP3, TGF-β1, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, α-SMA	[278]
81					FCA-induced arthritis rats	Rats (10 mg/kg)	Regulation of JAK/STAT/RANKL signaling	JAK, STAT	[279]
82				Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE),	BLM-induced PF mice and A549 cells	Mice (30, 60, 90; 50, 100, 150 mg/kg)	Inhibition of oxidative stress inhibits epithelial cell apoptosis	HYP, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, PARP, Bak	[280]
82				Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE),	BLM-induced PF mice and A549 cells	Cell (1 μg/mL)		HYP, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, PARP, Bak	[280]
83	Indigo naturalis	Brassicaceae	Clearing heat and detoxification, reducing swelling and relieving pain	Indirubin	BLM-induced PF mice and PMLFs HPFs cells	Mice (12.5, 25 mg/kg)	Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad signaling	TGF-β1, ALT, CR, HYP, Collagen I, α-SMA	[191]
83	Indigo naturalis	Brassicaceae		Indirubin	BLM-induced PF mice and PMLFs HPFs cells	Cell (2.5–60 μmol/L)	Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad signaling	TGF-β1, ALT, CR, HYP, Collagen I, α-SMA	[191]
84	Artemisia annua L.	Asteraceae	Clear deficiency heat and remove bone steaming	Dihydroartemisinin	BLM-induced PF mice	Mice (25, 50, 100 mg/kg)	Reduced expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and TGF-β1 via TGF-β/JAK2/STAT3 signaling	TGF-β1, JAK2, STAT3	[281]
85	Artemisia annua L.	Asteraceae	Clear deficiency heat and remove bone steaming	Dihydroartemisinin	BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (50 mg/kg)	anti-oxidation	SOD, GSH, MDA, HO-1, Nrf2	[282]
86	Nervilia fordii	Orchidaceae	Clearing heat and moistening the lungs, relieving cough and resolving phlegm	The extract of Nervilia fordii	BLM-induced PF rats and CT6 cells	Rats (100, 200, 400 mg/kg)	Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad signaling	TGF-β1, HYP, MPO, T-AOC, GSH, SOD, TNF-α	[283]
86	Nervilia fordii	Orchidaceae		The extract of Nervilia fordii	BLM-induced PF rats and CT6 cells	Cell (100, 200, 500 μg/mL)	Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad signaling	TGF-β1, HYP, MPO, T-AOC, GSH, SOD, TNF-α	[283]
87	Cinnamomi cortex	Lauraceae	Warming the meridians and dispelling cold, dredging yang and reaching the camp	Trans-cinnamaldehyde	V79-4 cells	Cell (0–50 μmol/L)	Activates Nrf2/HO-1 signaling	Nrf2, HO-1, ROS, MMP	[284]
88	Notoginseng radix et rhizoma	Araliaceae	Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, clearing heat and detoxification	Panax notoginseng saponin	ferric trichloride-induced PF Japanese rabbits	Rabbit(50 mg/kg)	Alleviate lung damage	IL-6, NF-κB	[285]
89	Inonotus sanghuang		Clearing heat and detoxification, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis	Inonotus sanghuang extract (ISE)	BLM-induced PF mice and A549 cells	Mice (0.6% w/w)	Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad signaling	TGF-β1, Smad2/3	[193]
89	Inonotus sanghuang			Inonotus sanghuang extract (ISE)	BLM-induced PF mice and A549 cells	Cell (2, 4 μg/mL)	Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad signaling	TGF-β1, Smad2/3	[193]
90	Kaempferiae rhizoma	Zingiberaceae	Promoting qi to relieve pain and regulating qi in a broad way	Alpha-Mangostin	BLM-induced PF mice	Mice (10 mg/kg)	Regulates AMPK signaling	AMPK, α-SMA, Smad2/3, Col I, MMP-9	[286]
91	Cnidii fructus	Loranthaceae	Warming the kidney to help yang, tonifying essence and astringent	Osthole	BLM-induced PF mice	Mice (40 mg/kg)	Downregulation of TGF-β1/nox4 signaling	TGF-β1, nox4	[287]
92	Zingiberis rhizoma recens	Zingiberaceae	Warm the middle to dissipate the cold, solve the surface and dissipate the cold	6 gingerol	BLM-induced PF mice and	Mice (100, 250 mg/kg)	Activates SIRT1 signaling signaling	SIRT1, α-SMA, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β	[195]
92	Zingiberis rhizoma recens	Zingiberaceae		6 gingerol	human embryonic lung fibroblasts MRC-5	Cell (10, 20 μmol/L)	Activates SIRT1 signaling signaling	SIRT1, α-SMA, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β	[195]
93	Amaryllidaceae	Amaryllidaceae	Dispel wind and detoxification, kill insects and stop itching	Lycorine	BLM-induced PF mice and BMDMs cells	Mice (5, 10, 20 mg/kg)	Inhibit the expression of NLRP3	NLRP3, MPO, IL-6, IL-1β, α-SMA	[288]
93	Amaryllidaceae	Amaryllidaceae		Lycorine	BLM-induced PF mice and BMDMs cells	Cell (0–40 mmol/L)	Inhibit the expression of NLRP3	NLRP3, MPO, IL-6, IL-1β, α-SMA	[288]
94	Salvia officinalis	Lamiaceae	Clearing heat and detoxification, dispelling wind and relieving pain	Salvia officinalis	BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (50, 100, 150 mg/kg)	Anti-oxidation	CAT, MDA, SOD	[289]
95	Silybi fructus	Asteraceae	Clearing heat and detoxification, soothing the liver and promoting gallbladder	Silibinin	Silica-induced PF mice	Mice (100, 300 mg/kg)	Anti-inflammatory Inhibits EMT	MDA, GSH, HYP, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-17, TGF-β1	[196]
96	Ampelopsis grossedentata (Hand.-Mazz.) W. T. Wang (Vitaceae)	Lamiaceae	Promoting blood circulation and regulating menstruation, diuresis and detumescence	Dihydromyricetin	BLM-induced PF mice and MLG cells	Mice (50, 100, 200 mg/kg)	Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad signaling	TGF-β1, α-SMA	[197]
97	Schisandrae chinensis fructus/glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma	Magnoliaceae/Fabaceae	Astringent and astringent, replenishing qi and invigorating fluid	Schizandrin B + Glycyrrhizic acid	BLM-induced PF mice	Mice (100, 75, 100 + 75 mg/kg)	Regulation of TGF-β/Smad2 signaling	NOX1, Smad2	[290]
98	Croci stigma	Iridaceae	Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, regulating menstruation and relieving pain	Crocin	BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (25 mg/kg)	Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant	HYP, GSH, CAT, SOD, TNF-α, MDA	[291]
99	Croci stigma	Iridaceae		Crocin	BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (20 mg/kg)	Regulation of NRF2 and HO-1 signaling	NRF2, HO-1	[292]
100	Rhododendron brachycarpum G. Don	Ericaceae	Clearing heat and detoxification, reducing swelling and relieving pain	Hyperoside	BLM-induced PF mice	Mice (50 mg/kg)	Regulation of AKT/GSK3b signaling	AKT, GSK3b	[203]
101	Arenaria kansuensis	Caryophyllaceae	Clearing heat and detoxification, diuresis and purging gonorrhea	A. kansuensis ethanol extract	paraquat-induced PF rats	Rats (170, 350, 700 mg/kg)	Inhibit NF-κB/TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signal transduction	NF-κB, TGF-β1, Smad2/3	[203]
102	Morchella esculenta	Morchellaceae	Tonifying the kidney, tonifying qi, nourishing blood and calming the mind	FMP-1	A549 cells	Cell (50–300 μg/mL)	Regulation of PI3K/AKT-Nrf2/HO-1 signaling	ROS, PI3K	[293]
103	Leonuri herba	Lamiaceae	Promoting blood circulation and regulating menstruation, reducing swelling and relieving pain	Leonurine	BLM-induced PF mice	Mice (50, 100 mg/kg)	Up-regulation of AKT signaling	AKT, ECAD, TGF-β, BAX, ACTA2	[294]
104	Epimedii folium	Berberidaceae	Kidney deficiency and impotence, sore waist and knees	Icariin	BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (60 mg/kg)	Inhibit hippo signaling	YAP, IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β1, TNF-α	[295]
105	Houttuyniae herba	Saururaceae	Heat-clearing and detoxification, sore waist and knees	Sodium Houttuyfonate	BLM-induced PF mice	Mice (45, 90 mg/kg)	Anti-inflammatory	IL-1β, TNF-α	[206]
106	Anemarrhenae rhizoma	Liliaceae	Clearing heat and moistening dryness, promoting fluid to quench thirst	total extract of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma (TEAR)	BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (1.33, 4, 12 g/kg)	Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad signaling	TGF-β1, HYP, COlI, ColIII, MPO, NO	[296]
107	Hedara nepalensis var.sinensis	Araliaceae	Clearing heat and detoxification, dispelling wind and promoting dampness	Hederagenin	BLM-induced PF rats	Rats (10, 20, 50 mg/kg)	Adjust Ras/JNK/NFAT4 axis	JNK, NFAT4	[209]

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