Table 3 Details about some traditional Chinese medicines improving pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting extracellular matrix deposition
No | Source | Genus information | Traditional efficacy | Active compound | Experiment model | Administration dose | Therapeutic target | Cytokine | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Andrographis herba | Acanthaceae | Clearing heat and detoxification, cooling blood | Andrographolide | NIH 3T3, PLF cells | Rats (10 mg/kg) | Inhibits TGF-β1/Smad2/3 and Erk1/2 signaling | TGF-β1, Smad2/3 | [132] |
cell (2, 5, 10 μmol/L) | |||||||||
2 | Silica-induced PF mice | Mice (3, 10 mg/kg) | Inhibition of ECM precipitate formation | GSH, HYP, MDA, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β1 | [131] | ||||
3 | Rhei radix et rhizoma | Polygonaceae | Purging and defecating, clearing heat and detoxification | Chrysophanol | BLM-induced PF mice | Mice (10 mg/kg) | Inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling | β-catenin, HYP, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ | [226] |
4 | Rhapontin | BLM-induced PF rats and THP-1 cells | Rats (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) | Regulation of TGF-β/Smad signaling | TGF-β, Smad | [137] | |||
cell (50 μmol/L) | |||||||||
5 | Salviae miltiorrhizae radix et rhizoma | Lamiaceae | Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, reducing swelling and relieving pain | Salvia miltiorrhiza | BLM-induced PF mice and NIH3T3 cells | Mice (21, 40, 80 mg/kg) | anti-oxidation | Nrf2, NOX4 | [228] |
Cell (0.1, 1, 3 μmol/L) | |||||||||
6 | Tanshinone IIA | Silica-induced PF mice | Mice (25 mg/kg) | Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad signaling | TGF-β1, α-SMA, Smad2/3/4/7 | [307] | |||
7 | Cryptotanshinone | BLM-induced PF rats and HLFs cells | Rats (7.5, 15, 30, 60 mg/kg) | Inhibition of TGF-β/Smad signaling | TGF-β1, HYP, TNF-α, IL-6, ColI, ColIII, α-SMA | [304] | |||
Cell (0.75–18 mg/mL) | |||||||||
8 | Astragalus membranaceus | Fabaceae | Replenishing qi and solidifying the surface, strengthening the upright and dispelling evil | Astragaloside IV | Silica-induced PF rats | Rats (20 mg/kg) | Inhibition of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling | TGF-β1, α-SMA, Collagen III, Smad2/3 | [306] |
Cell (7, 20, 60 μg/mL) | |||||||||
9 | BLM-induced PF rats | Rats (10 mg/kg) | Inhibition of ECM precipitate formation | HMGB1, HYP, Col-III, LN, HA | [305] | ||||
10 | Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi | Scutellaria | Clearing away heat and dampness, purging fire and detoxifying | Baicalein | MRC-5 cells | Cell (1, 10 μmol/L) | Downregulation of CTGF expression | CTGF, TGF-β1, Smad2/3 | [308] |
11 | Curcumae longae rhizoma | Zingiberaceae | Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, Regulating menstruation and relieving pain | Curcumin | BLM-induced PF rats | Rats (300 mg/kg) | Inhibit TGF-β1 signaling | TGF-β1, HYP, Collagen III | [309] |
12 | BLM-induced PF rats | Rats (300 mg/kg) | Inhibition of ECM precipitate formation | fibronectin, lung glycoproteins | [235] | ||||
13 | Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f | Ranunculaceae | Clearing heat and detoxification, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis | Triptolide | radiation-induced PF mice and NIH3T3 cells | Mice (0.25 mg/kg) | Inhibit NF-κB signaling | NF-κB, LOX, IκBα | [239] |
Cell (5 ng/mL) | |||||||||
14 | Isorhynchophylline | Silica-induced PF mice | Mice (20 mg/kg) | Anti-inflammatory | / | [240] | |||
15 | Rhodiolae crenulatae radix et rhizoma | Crassulaceae | Replenishing qi and activating blood circulation, dredging pulse and relieving asthma | Rutin | BLM-induced PF rats | Rats (50, 100 mg/kg) | Regulation of TGF-β1/α-SMA/Col I/III signaling | TGF-β1, α-SMA | [259] |
16 | Ginseng radix et rhizoma | Araliaceae | Replenish qi and nourish blood, invigorate body and quench thirst | Total ginsenoside | BLM-induced PF mice | Mice (40, 80, 160 mg/kg) | Regulation of TGF-β1/Smad signaling | TGF-β1, α-SMA, Smad2/3/7, MMP-2, MMP-9 | [310] |
17 | Dioscorea polystachya Turczaninow | Dioscoreaceae | Tonifying spleen and lung, nourishing yin and moistening dryness | Dioscin | Silica-induced PF mice and AM MH-S cells | Mice (mg/kg) | Promotes autophagy in alveolar macrophages | LC3, p62, AKT, mTOR, BECN1 | [311] |
Cell (200, 400, 800 nmol/L) | |||||||||
18 | Artemisia annua L | Asteraceae | Clear deficiency heat and remove bone steaming | Dihydromyricetin | BLM-induced PF mice and MLG cells | Mice (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) | Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad signaling | TGF-β1, α-SMA | [197] |
19 | Epimedii folium | Berberidaceae | Kidney deficiency and impotence, sore waist and knees | Icariin | BLM-induced PF rats | Rats (60 mg/kg) | Inhibit Hippo signaling | YAP, IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β1, TNF-α | [295] |
20 | Chelidonii herba | Papaveraceae | Clearing heat and detoxification, reducing swelling and relieving pain | Chelerythrine | BLM-induced PF mice | Mice (0.375, 0.75 mg/kg) | activate Nrf2/ARE signal transduction | Nrf2, ARE | [244] |
21 | Psoraleae fructus | Fabaceae | Warm the kidney and consolidate the essence, strengthen the muscles and bones | Psoralen | BLM-induced PF mice and NIH3T3 cells | Mice (5 mg/kg) | Inhibition of ECM precipitate formation | TNF-α, IL‐1β | [167] |
Cell (5, 10, 20, 40 μmol/L) | |||||||||
22 | Citri reticulatae pericarpium | Rutaceae | Regulating qi and eliminating food, resolving phlegm and relieving cough | citrus alkaline extracts (CAEs) | BLM-induced PF mice | Mice (16, 32, 64 mg/kg) | Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling | TGF-β1, LOX, HYP | [312] |
23 | Salviae miltiorrhizae radix et rhizoma/chuanxiong rhizoma | Lamiaceae/Apiaceae | Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, Clearing heat and detoxification | Salvia miltiorrhiza and ligustrazine | BLM-induced PF rats | Rats (125 + 43.75, 250 + 87.5, 500 + 175 mg/kg) | Regulation of TGF-β/Smad signaling | TNF-α, TGF-β1 | [313] |
24 | Rabdosiae rubescentis herba | Lamiaceae | Clearing heat and detoxification, reducing swelling and relieving pain | Oridonin | BLM-induced PF mice and MRC-5 cells | Mice (10, 20 mg/kg) | Regulation of TGF-β/Smad signaling | TGF-β, Smad | [314] |
Cell (5, 10 μmol/L) | |||||||||
25 | Curcumae longae rhizoma | Zingiberaceae | Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, Regulating menstruation and relieving pain | curcumin/Curcumol | HFL cells | Cell (8, 16, 32 μg/mL) | Inhibition of ECM precipitate formation | Col-I, Col-III, TGF-β1, α-SMA | [315] |
26 | Citrus fruits | Rutaceae | Invigorate the spleen and replenish qi, moisturize the lungs and relieve cough | Hesperidin | BLM-induced PF rats | Rats (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) | Inhibits TGF-β1/Smad3/AMPK and I-κBα/NF-κB signaling | TGF-β1, NF-κB | [253] |
27 | Polygoni cuspidati rhizoma et radix | Polygonaceae | Clearing heat and detoxification, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis | Polydatin | BLM-induced PF rats and A549 cells | Rats (10, 40, 160 mg/kg) | Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad signaling | TGF-β1, Col-1, α-SMA, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-13 | [156] |
Cell (0–120 μmol/L) | |||||||||
28 | Coptidis rhizoma | Ranunculaceae | Clearing heat and dryness, purging fire and detoxification | berberine | BLM-induced PF mice | Mice (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) | activate PPAR-γ | HGF, PPAR-γ | [260] |
29 | Astragali radix/ferulae resina | Fabaceae/Apiaceae | Replenishing qi and solidifying the surface, strengthening the upright and dispelling evil | astragaloside IV/ferulic acid | BLM-induced PF mice | Mice (24 + 40.8 mg/kg) | Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling | TGF-β1, Nrf2 | [261] |
30 | Centellae herba | Apiaceae | Clearing heat and detoxification, promoting diuresis and detumescence | Asiaticoside | BLM-induced PF mice | Mice (50 mg/kg) | Up-regulation of BMP7/Smad1/5 signaling | BMP7, Smad1/5 | [263] |
31 | sophorae fla vescentis radix | Fabaceae | Clearing heat and detoxification, diuresis and purging gonorrhea | Matrine | MRC-5 cells | Cell (10 μmol/L) | Inhibit TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling | TGF-β, Smad2/3 | [182] |
32 | Blueberry | Ericaceae | Pterostilbene | A549 cells | Cell (0–100 μmol/L) | Inhibit TGF-β1 signaling | TGF-β1, Bcl-2, Bax, LC3, p62, p21 | [183] | |
33 | Siratia grosvenorii | Cucurbitaceae | Clear heat and moisturize the lungs and open pharynx | Mogrol | BLM-induced PF mice and NIH3T3 cells | Mice (1, 5, 10 mg/kg) | Regulation of TGF-β1 and AMPK signaling | TGF-β1, AMPK | [188] |
Cell (1, 5, 10 μmol/L) | |||||||||
34 | Rosmarinus officinalis | Lamiaceae | Rosmarinic Acid | radiation-induced lung damage rats | Rats (30, 60, 120 mg/kg) | Inhibits RhoA/Rock signaling | RhoA, Rock | [273] | |
35 | Grape | Resveratrol | BLM-induced PF rats and MRC-5 cells | Rats (60 mg/kg) | Regulates MAPK/AP-1 signaling | MAPK/AP-1 | [316] | ||
Cell (10 μmol/L) | |||||||||
36 | Kaempferiae rhizoma | Zingiberaceae | Promoting qi to relieve pain and regulating qi in a broad way | Alpha-Mangostin | BLM-induced PF mice | Mice (10 mg/kg) | Regulates AMPK signaling | AMPK, α-SMA, Smad2/3, Col I, MMP-9 | [286] |
37 | Silybi fructus | Asteraceae | Clearing heat and detoxification, soothing the liver and promoting gallbladder | Silibinin | Silica-induced PF mice | Mice (100, 300 mg/kg) | Anti-inflammatory Inhibits EMT | MDA, GSH, HYP, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-17, TGF-β1 | [196] |
38 | Pseudostellariae radix | Caryophyllaceae | Yiqi Jianpi, Shengjin fluid | Heterophyllin B | BLM-induced PF mice and MLE-12 cells | Mice (5, 20 mg/kg) | Activates AMPK, inhibits TGF-β1-Smad2/3 signaling, and downregulates STING | TGF-β1, CoL-1, α-SMA | [317] |
Cell (1–100 μmol/L) | |||||||||
39 | Arenaria kansuensis | Caryophyllaceae | Clearing heat and detoxification, diuresis and purging gonorrhea | A. kansuensis ethanol extract | paraquat-induced PF rats | Rats (170, 350, 700 mg/kg) | Inhibit NF-κB/TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signal transduction | NF-κB, TGF-β1, Smad2/3 | [203] |
40 | Aurantii fructus immaturus | Rutaceae | Regulating qi stagnation, resolving phlegm and relieving cough | Neohesperidin | BLM-induced PF mice and NIH3T3, MLg, A549 cells | Mice (20 mg/kg) | Inhibition of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling | TGF-β1, Smad2/3, Erk, p-38, JNK | [208] |
Cell (0–200 μmol/L) | |||||||||
41 | Polyporus | Polyporaceae | Diuresis, detumescence and phlegm | Polyporus Polysaccharide | BLM-induced PF mice and HLF cells | Mice (50, 100 mg/kg) | Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling | TGF-β1, Smad2/3 | [210] |
Cell (1 mg/mL) | |||||||||
42 | Arnebiae radix | Boraginaceae | Clearing heat and detoxification, moistening dryness and invigorating muscle | Shikonin | MLFC cells | Cell (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10 μmol/L) | Inhibit Akt signaling | MAPK, akt | [318] |