Table 4 Details about some traditional Chinese medicine improving pulmonary fibrosis by mediating apoptosis and autophagy
No | Source | Genus information | Traditional efficacy | Active compound | Experiment model | Administration dose | Therapeutic target | cytokine | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Citri reticulatae pericarpium | Rutaceae | Regulating qi and eliminating food, resolving phlegm and relieving cough | citrus alkaline extracts (CAEs) | A549 cells | Cell (0.01 μmol/L) | Inhibit b-catenin/p53 signaling | PDGF, TNF-α, p21, p53, MMP-7, CTGF | [331] |
2 | BLM-induced PF mice and PMLF, MRC-5 cells | Mice (32, 64, 96 mg/kg) | prevent cellular senescence | COX-2, α-SMA, Fibronectin, p21, p16 | [330] | ||||
Cell (50, 100, 200 μmol/L) | |||||||||
3 | BLM-induced PF mice | Mice (16, 32, 64 mg/kg) | Inhibit p38/NF-κB signaling | p38, NF-κB | [329] | ||||
4 | HPFS cells | Cell (50, 250, 500 μmol/L) | Induces apoptosis of lung fibroblasts | COX-2, Fas | [328] | ||||
5 | BLM-induced PF mice and A549 cells | Mice (32, 64, 96Â mg/kg) | Regulates PERK and ATF3/PINK1 signaling | PERK, ATF3, PINK1 | [336] | ||||
Cell (50, 100, 200 μg/mL) | |||||||||
6 | Curcumae longae rhizoma | Zingiberaceae | Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, Regulating menstruation and relieving pain | Curcumin | LMSCs cells | Cell (2.5, 5, 10, 20 μmol/L) | Regulation of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling | Akt, Nrf2, HO-1 | [234] |
7 | BLM-induced PF rats | Rats (300 mg/kg) | Inhibit TGF-β1 signaling | TGF-β1, HYP, Collagen III | [309] | ||||
8 | Erigeron breviscapus | Asteraceae | Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, clearing heat and detoxification | Scutellarein | BLM-induced PF mice | Mice (10 mg/kg) | Inhibits PI3K/Akt signaling | PI3K, Akt, Smad2/3, α-SMA | [172] |
9 | Amaryllidaceae | Amaryllidaceae | Dispel wind and detoxification, kill insects and stop itching | Lycorine | BLM-induced PF mice and BMDMs cells | Mice (5, 10, 20 mg/kg) | Inhibit the expression of NLRP3 | NLRP3, MPO, IL-6, IL-1β, α-SMA | [288] |
Cell (0–40 mmol/L) | |||||||||
10 | Dioscorea polystachya Turczaninow | Dioscoreaceae | Tonifying spleen and lung, nourishing yin and moistening dryness | Dioscin | Silica-induced PF mice and AM MH-S cells | Mice (mg/kg) | Promotes autophagy in alveolar macrophages | MMP9,mtROS | [311] |
Cell (200, 400, 800Â nmol/L) | |||||||||
11 | Blueberry | Ericaceae |  | Pterostilbene | LPS-induced PF mice | Mice (12.5, 25, 50 mg/kg) | Activation of Keap-1/Nrf2 inhibits A20/NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling | NF-κB, NLRP3 | [268] |
12 | Various plant sources |  |  | Quercetin | Tracheal Trauma Rabbit and WI-38 cells | Cell (5–200 μmol/L) | Inhibits AKT/mTOR signaling | AKT, mTOR | [335] |
13 | BLM-induced PF mice | Mice (30Â mg/kg) | Enhance fibroblast apoptosis | Fas, DR4/5, CAveolin-1, AKT | [334] | ||||
14 | Sinapic acid | BLM-induced PF rats | Rats (10, 20 mg/kg) | Inhibit NF-κB/NRF2/HO-1 signaling | NF-κB, NRF2, HO-1 | [250] | |||
15 | Bletillae rhizoma | Orchidaceae | Convergence to stop bleeding, reduce swelling and promote muscle growth | Bletilla striata | Silica-induced PF mice and A549 cells | Mice (20, 40 mg/kg) | Inhibit Bax/Bcl-2 signaling | HO-1, Nrf2, γGCSc, Bax, Bcl-2 | [337] |
Cell (10, 25, 50 μmol/L) | |||||||||
16 | Atractylodis rhizoma | Asteraceae | Invigorating spleen and stomach, tonifying qi and blood | Atractylenolide III | BLM-induced PF rats | Rats (0.6, 1.2, 2.4Â mg/kg) | activate Nrf2/NQO1/HO-1 signal transduction | Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1 | [246] |
17 | Chuanxiong rhizoma | Apiaceae | Activating blood circulation and promoting qi, expelling wind and relieving pain | Ligustrazin | paraquat-induced PF mice and A549 cells | Mice (30Â mg/kg) | Inhibit mTOR/Akt signaling | mTOR, Akt | [338] |
18 | Rhei radix et rhizoma | Polygonaceae | Purging and defecating, clearing heat and detoxification | Emodin | Silica-induced PF mice and A549 cells | Mice (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) | Regulation of NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling | NF-κB, TGF-β1 | [136] |
19 | Salviae miltiorrhizae radix et rhizoma/puerariae lobatae radix | Lamiaceae/Fabaceae | Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, reducing swelling and relieving pain | Tanshinone IIA/puerarin | BLM-induced PF mice and MRC-5 cells | Mice (5 + 14 mg/kg) | Inhibition of IL 6-JAK2-STAT3/STAT1 signaling | IL6, STAT1 | [339] |
20 | Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma | Fabaceae | Nourishes qi and nourishes yin, clears away heat and detoxifies | Isoliquiritigenin | MRC-5 cells | Cell (0–40 mg/L) | Inhibit PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling | PI3K, AKT, mTOR | [340] |
21 | Scutellariae radix | Scutellaria | Clearing away heat and dampness, purging fire and detoxifying | Baicalin | BLM-induced PF rats and RPF | Rats (50Â mg/kg) | Regulation of CaMKII and PI3K/AKT signaling | PI3K, AKT | [141] |
Cell (20, 40, 60, 80 μg/mL) | |||||||||
22 | Rosmarinus officinalis | Lamiaceae/Fabaceae |  | Rosmarinic Acid + carnosic acid | BLM-induced PF rats and HLFs cells | Rats (5 + 3 mg/kg) | Induces apoptosis of lung fibroblasts | p21, AKT, p38 | [341] |
Cell (50 + 10, 100 + 20 μmol/L) | |||||||||
23 | Cinnamomi cortex | Lauraceae | Warming the meridians and dispelling cold, dredging yang and reaching the camp | Trans-cinnamaldehyde | V79-4 cells | Cell (0–50 μmol/L) | Activates Nrf2/HO-1 signaling | Nrf2, HO-1 | [284] |
24 | Rhizoma Kaempferiae | Zingiberaceae | Relieving pain by activating qi and dispelling cold in the middle of warming | Kaempferol | Silica-induced PF mice | Mice (150Â mg/kg) | Anti-inflammatory | Beclin-1, p62, LC3, MMP-9, MMP-2 | [342] |
25 | Schisandrae chinensis fructus | Magnoliaceae | Astringent and astringent, replenishing qi and invigorating fluid | Schisandra | BLM-induced PF rats | Rats (5 mg/kg) | Inhibit TGF-β1/Smad signaling | TGF-β1, Smad3/4/7 | [343] |
26 | Leonuri herba | Lamiaceae | Promoting blood circulation and regulating menstruation, reducing swelling and relieving pain | Leonurine | BLM-induced PF mice | Mice (50, 100 mg/kg) | Up-regulation of AKT signaling | AKT, ECAD, TGF-β1, ACTA2, BAX | [294] |
27 | Ginkgo folium | Ginkgoaceae | Calming the liver and eyesight, moistening the lungs and relieving cough | Ginkgo biloba Extract EGb761 | BLM-induced PF mice | Mice (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) | Regulation of NF-κB signaling | NF-κB, TNF-β, IL-1β, IL-6, α-SMA, TGF-β1 | [344] |