Fig. 2

Pathophysiological mechanisms of age-related hearing loss and potential drug candidates. HC hair cell, SV stria vascularis, SIRT sirtuin family, JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase, Cyt-c cytochrome c, Cas, Bax, Bak pro-apoptotic factors, ROS reactive oxygen species, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor α, IL interleukin, NKCC1 Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻ co-transporter isoform 1, KCNQ1 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily q member 1, Cav 1.3 voltage-gated calcium channel, NGF nerve growth factor, IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor 1, NRH the reduced form of nicotinamide ribose, EGb 761 active ingredient in Ginkgo biloba L., β-CG β-Conglycinin, GSH glutathione, CoQ coenzyme Q, NAC N-acetylcysteine, THSG 2,3,4’,5-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, NT-3 neurotrophic factor-3, D-JNKI-1 a cell-penetrating peptide that blocks JNK signaling, B581, FTI-277: inhibition of RAS, which is an upstream activator of the JNK pathway; MR16-1 anti-IL-6 receptor antibody