Fig. 1

Characterization of EVs derived from NSCs with LBP pretreatment . A The cultured primary NSCs showed a typically suspended neurosphere under the optical microscope. B A Schematic diagram of sequential ultracentrifugation procedures was applied for EV extraction. C Samples of EVs collected from NSC with or without LBP pretreatment were analyzed by Western blot with antibodies against EV-specific markers CD9, CD81, and ALIX. D A representative electron micrograph image showing the typical morphology and size range of membrane particles between NSC-EV, L-NSC-EV, and H-NSC-EV groups. E NTA was used to determine the concentration and size distribution of EVs between three groups, 24 and 72 h after LBP treatment. F Quantification of the particle size and G concentration of EVs determined by NTA. H Cell viability was analyzed in NSCs exposed to low or high-dose LBP at 1, 2, and 3 days using the MTT assay. Data are shown as mean ± SD. Data are statistically different from each other with *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001