Fig. 5

NSC-EVs pretreated with LBP inhibit autophagic flux and protect primary neurons from OGD injury through AMPK/mTOR signalling. OGD-exposed neurons were either incubated with PBS, NSC-derived EVs, or NSC-EV pre-treated with low or high doses of LBP. All experimental conditions were performed with or without the AMPK inhibitor Doxorubicin (Doxo). Cells incubated under standard cell culture conditions were used as negative control. A–B p-AMPK, p-AMPK, LC3II, Beclin-1, and P62 levels were detected by Western blotting followed by densitometric analysis. C-D Fluorescent images and quantitative analysis of NeuN⁺ cells exposed to OGD in the aforementioned groups (control, NSC-EV, H-NSC-EV, and H-NSCEV + Doxo). Data are given as mean ± SD. Data are statistically different from each other with *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001