Table 2 6-Shogaol in vivo anticancer study (“↑” represents increase/ promotion/activation while “↓” represents inhibition /reduction/inactivation.)
Cancer models | Cancer cell lines | Tumor xenograft sites | Dose/duration and route of administration | Mechanisms | Tumor suppression efficacy | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral cancer | DMBA Induces Canceration | Male golden Syrian hamsters aged 8–10 weeks | 20 mg/kg/day thrice A week for 16 weeks Not specified | Inhibit transcriptional Activate NF-KB/AP-1 | Inhibition of cell Proliferation and inflammation | [56] |
Non-small cell lung cancer | NCI-H1650 | Female BALB/c (nu/nu) mice | 10 or 40 mg/kg/day Three times a week for 3 weeks i.p | Ki-67↓ cyclin D1↓ p-AKT↓ STAT3↓ | Inhibit NCI-H1650 lung cancer cell growth | [49] |
A549 | Nu/J nude mice on both sides | 10 or 30 mg/kg/day Five times a week i.p | Induce apoptosis: GSH↑ p53↑ PUMA↑ Bcl-2↓ Bcl-XL↓ | Inhibit cell proliferation | [47] | |
Prostate cancer | PC-3 | the right flanks of athymic nude mice | 250 mg/kg 28 days oral gavage | Anti-tumor proliferation | Inhibition of tumor proliferation | [57] |
HMVP2 | the flank of Isogenic FVB/N male mice | 50 and 100 mg/kg every other day for 32 days i.p | pSTAT3Y705↓ cyclin D1↓ survivin↓ | The tumor weight was reduced by 48% and 65% at both doses, respectively | [58] | |
Colon cancer | HCT-116 SW-480 | Female athymic nude mice | 15 mg/kg/day The day after Cancer cell Injection and every other day 28 days i.p | Induce apoptosis:p53↑ bcl-2↓ BAD↑ Caspase3↑ Caspase8↑ Caspase9↑ Induce cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase:p53↑ p21↑cdc2↓ cdc25A↓ | 6-Shogaol significantly inhibited the proliferation of HCT-116 cells | [59] |
Cervical cancer | HeLa | The right axilla of Female BALB/c 18 nude mice | 0,12.5,and,50 mg/kg/day One time every day 21 Days Oral gavage | Induce apoptosis: p-PI3K↓,p-Akt↓ p-mTOR↓ Induce G2/M phase arrest Inhibition of metastasis | Inhibition of tumor growth in a dose dependent manner | [13] |
Leukaemia | CCRF-CEM | Subcutaneous Of female athymic nude mice | 80 mg/kg/day five times a week 60 days i.p | Induce apoptosis: p53↑ ROS↑ FASN↓ | Inhibition of tumour growth | [60] |
Liver cancer | SMMC-7721 | Inoculated subcutaneously into SCID mice | 10 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg/day 28 days i.p | Induce apoptosis: ER stress↑ p-eIF2α↓ CHOP↑ caspase↑ PARP↓ | The tumor volume of mice in the 6-shogaol administration group was significantly smaller than that of carrier control mice at two treatment doses (10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) | [38] |
HepG2 | Subcutaneously inoculated into the right rib of BALB/c nude mice | 50 mg·kg/day once every 2 days 35 days Intraperitoneal injection | Induce apoptosis AKT/mTOR↓ MRP1↓ Induce G0/G1 phase c arrest: AKT/mTOR/MRP1↓ CyclinA2↓ Cyclin D1↓ Cyclin E1↓ | Tumor volume was lower in the 6-shogaol group than in the control group | [61] | |
Pancreatic cancer | PANC-1 | the right flank of pathogen-free male BALB/c immunodeficient nude mice | 50 mg/kg once daily 28 days i.p | Inhibit NF-KB signaling | Effectively inhibits the growth of pancreatic cancer cells | [52] |