Fig. 4
From: Research progress on antitumor mechanisms and molecular targets of Inula sesquiterpene lactones
Schematic illustration of the molecular mechanisms underlying the antitumor activity of Inula sesquiterpene lactones. (1) Inula sesquiterpene lactones inhibit the STAT3 signaling pathway by inhibiting the activity of JAK2 and phosphorylation of STAT3. (2) Inula sesquiterpene lactones inhibit the phosphorylation of IκBα and inhibit the activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB signaling pathway. (3) Inula sesquiterpene lactones can directly inhibit PI3K activity and inhibit PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by reducing the expression and phosphorylation of AKT. (4) Inula sesquiterpene lactones can stimulate the phosphorylation levels of JNK and p38 and increase their activity to activate the MAPK signaling pathway. (5) Inula sesquiterpene lactones can induce ROS production, thus inducing oxidative stress