Table 1 Herbs commonly used in diabetes management
Herbs | Components | Anti-diabetic Mechanism | Models of experiments or tests | Application and recommend dosage | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Myrcia | Flavanone glucosides (myrciacitrins) and acetophenone glucosides myrciaphenones) | Inhibit activity of aldose reductase and alpha-glucosidase | Streptozotocin diabetic rats | Type II DM | 66 |
Cinnamon | Cinnulin PF(R) | Improve insulin sensitivity, Decrease fasting blood glucose | Human | Type II DM Type I | 67, 68, 69 |
Enicostemma littorale Blume | Increase the serum insulin through K(+)-ATP channel dependent pathway but did not require Ca2+ influx | Alloxan-induced diabetic rats | Type II DM | 70 | |
Biophytum sensitivum | Stimulating the synthesis/release of insulin from the beta cells of Langerhans | Alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits | Type II DM | 71 | |
Ipomoea batatas | Caiapo (ipomoea batatas) | Decrease insulin insensitivity, increase adiponectin and decrease fibrinogen levels | Type II diabetic patients | Type II (4 g/d) DM | 72, 73 |
Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl) A. Gray | Nitobegiku | Reducing insulin insensitivity | KK-Ay-mice | Type II DM | 74 |
Sangzhi | Ramulus mori, SZ | Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory effects | Alloxan induced diabetic rats | Type II DM | 75 |
Galega officinalis | Hypoglycemic effects is independent on a reduction of food intake | ob/ob animals | Type II DM | 76 | |
Fenugreek leaves | Similar to glibenclamide, hypoglycemic property and an anti-hyperlipidemic via inferenceiing carbohydrate metabolic enzymes | Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats, human | Type II DM | 77, 78 | |
Pterocarpus marsupium | Decrease HK (hexokinase), GK (glucokinase) and PFK (phosphofructokinase) | Human, alloxan-induced diabetic rats | Type II DM | 79, 80 | |
Vanadium | Regulate activity of carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, and enhance expression of IRS-1 and GLUT4 mRNA in adipocytes | STZ-induced diabetic rats, dexamethasone-induced insulin insensitivity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes | Type II DM | 81, 82 | |
Artemisia scoparia | Scoparone (6,7-dimethoxycoumarin | Anti-atherogenic effect; free radical scavenging properties; inhibited iNOS gene expression and inhibited NF-kappaB activation. | Hyperlipidaemic diabetic rabbits, cytokine-induced beta-cell dysfunction | Type I DM, Type II DM | 83, 84 |
Gymnema sylvestre | Gymnemic acids | Controls the activities of phosphorylase, gluconeogenic enzymes and sorbitol dehydrogenase | Alloxan diabetic rabbits | Type II DM complication | 85, 86 |
Daio (Rhei Rhizoma) | Improve kidney function | Patients | Diabetic nephropathy | 87 | |
Lupinus termis | Lupinus termis | Regulates acetyl cholinesterase activity, AST (Aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) | Alloxan-induced diabetes, patients | Type II DM | 88, 89 |
Tea | EGCG | Reduction of IL-1beta and IFN-gamma-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and levels of NO synthase (iNOS | STZ-treated islets | Type I DM, Type II DM | 90, 91 |
Coccinia indica leaves | Coccinia indica leaf ethanoliextract (CLEt) | Antioxidant property of CLEt | Streptozotocin-diabetic rats | Type II DM | 92 |
Clausena anisata (Willd) Hook [family: Rutaceae] | Terpenoid and coumar | Similar to glibenclamide | Diabetic rats | Type II DM | 93 |
Hovenia dulcis Thunb (HDT) | Similar to glibenclamide, lower blood sugar and hepatic glycogen | Alloxan, induced diabetes rats | Type II DM | 94 | |
Aloes | Similar to glibenclamide | Patients, alloxan induced Swiss albino diabetic mice | Type II DM | 95, 96 | |
Vanadyl sulfate | bis(maltolato) oxovanadium (IV), BMOV, bis(ethylmaltolato)oxovanadium (IV), BEOV, and bis(isopropylmaltolato)oxovanadium (IV), BIO V, | Insulin-mimetic | Patients, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic mice | Type II DM, Type I DM, 100 mg per day | 97, 98, 99 |