Table 3 Pharmacological properties of andrographolide

Anti-inflammation

  LPS-induced NO production by suppressing iNOS

[27]

  complement 5a-induced macrophage recruitment via   ERK1/2 and PI3K signal pathways

[30]

  binding of NF-κB oligonucleotide to nuclear proteins via  ERK1/2 or PI3/AKt signal pathway

[28, 31–33]

Anti-cancer

  proliferation of HL-60 cells, the JAK-STAT3 pathway

[44, 63]

  caspase 8 dependent Bid cleavage, caspase 3, 9 activity, TRAIL-induced apoptosis, cell cycle arrest

[48, 52, 53, 63]

  tumor suppressor p53 expression, MAPKs (p38 kinase, JNK, ERK1/2) signaling pathway

[50, 54]

  oncogene v-Src protein expression and v-Src-induced transformation

[55]

  E-selectin expression on endothelial cells for cancer cells adhension, MMP-7 expression in cancer cells

[57, 58]

  tumor in melanoma subcutaneously implanted mice (orally 200, 400 mg/kg BW, 10d)

[45]

Immunomodulation

  proliferation and IL-2 induction in hPBL

[31]

  antibody and the delayed-type hypersensitivity response (orally 1 mg/kg, 7d)

[74]

  serum anti-Salmonella IgG, IFN-γ in activated splenocytes of mice (orally 1, 4 mg/kg BW, 14d)

[76]

  TNF-α and GM-CSF in BALF of OVA-sensitized and nasally-challenged mice (i.p. 3~30 mg/kg BW)

[72]

  IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in BALF and OVA-specific IgE in serum of OVA-sensitized mice (i.p. 0.~ 1 mg/kg BW, twice)

[71]

  NF-κB expression in lung and airway epithelial cells

  infiltration of inflammatory cells in lung, airway hyperreactivity (i.p. 2 μg/g BW, 7d)

[69]

  expression of IL-2 via   NFAT and   JNK phosphorylation in murine T-cells

[67]

  LPS induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in primary rat mesencephalic neuron-glial cultures

[70]

  IL-2 production, proliferation, antibody production, T cell activation in EAE (i.p. 4 mg/kg BW)

[68]

  symptom and immunological markers in patients with RA (30% andrographolide tablet, 14 weeks)

[73]

Anti-infection

  HIV induced cell cycle dysregulation,   CD4⁺ lymphocyte levels in HIV-1 infected individuals

[79, 80]

  viricidal activity against HSV-1, EBV, via   producing mature virus particle

[81, 82]

Anti-hepatotoxicity

  CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 mRNA in mouse hepatocytes, synergistic effect in with a CYP1A1 inducer

[95, 96]

  expression of the pi class of glutathione S-transferase

[99]

  CCl₄, tBHP-induced hepatotoxicity (i.p 100 mg/kg, 3d)

[91]

Anti-atherosclerosis

  HUVECs apoptosis via enhancement of PI3K-Akt activity

[108]

  thrombin-induced platelet aggregation via   ERK1/2 pathway

[109]

Anti-hyperglycemic effect

  plasma glucose concentrations of STZ-diabetic rats (oral 1.5 mg/Kg)

  mRNA and protein levels of GLUT4 in soleus muscle

[117, 118]

Anti-Oxidation

  MDA formation

[91]

  GSH, SOD activity

[92, 93]