Fig. 3

Morphologies of NGF-differentiated PC12 cells under OGD with or without GUW treatment. a NGF-treated PC12 cells differentiated with neurite extentions without OGD treatment. b After OGD, cell bodies shrank with a loss of neurite outgrowth. c PC12 cells retained neuronal morphology with GUW treatment. (Mag. 100×). White arrows indicate neurite protrusions. d PC12 cells injury/death was quantified by LDH assay after 8 h OGD. GUW showed concentration dependent protective effects on cells. e PC12 cells injury/death was quantified by measuring the release of LDH from injured cells. After OGD, single extracts of GE or UR only did not exhibit significant protective effect on OGD insult on NGF-treated PC12 cell. However, both GUW and the combination of GE and UR (GE + UR) water extracts have significant protective effects. Furthermore, GUW was also found to exert significantly greater neuroprotection better than GE + UR; vs control and vs OGD by one way ANOVA, post hoc Dunnett’s test (n = 4); vs GE + UR by Student’s t test (n = 4)