Table 2 Quality control and chemical analysis of rhubarb extracts
From: What we already know about rhubarb: a comprehensive review
No. | Extracts | Species | Part | Method | Quality control | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 50% ethanol extract | R. palmatum L. | Root | Column chromatography; HPLC | Aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, physcion | [107] |
2 | – | R. palmatum L. | Rhizome | – | Aloe-emodin (0.11%), rhein (0.37%), emodin (0.05%), chrysophanol (0.36%), physcion (0.26%) | [14] |
3 | Methanol extract | R. palmatum L. (Three-year-old; harvested in September) | Root | HPLC | Aloe-emodin (0.21%), rhein (0.21%), emodin (0.37%), chrysophanol (1.09%), physcion (0.24%) | [108] |
4 | Methanol extract | R. palmatum L. (Three-year-old; harvested in September) | Root | 1H-NMR | Aloe-emodin (0.23%), rhein (0.19%), emodin (0.38%), chrysophanol (1.26%), physcion (0.23%) | [108] |
5 | – | R. tanguticum Maxim. | Rhizome | – | Aloe-emodin (2.09%), rhein (0.001%), emodin (0.001%), chrysophanol (0.08%), physcion (0.07%) | [14] |
6 | – | R. officinale Baill. | Rhizome | – | Rhein (0.001%), chrysophanol (0.09%), physcion (0.09%) | [14] |
7 | Methanol extract | – | Root | RP-HPLC | Aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, physcion | [109] |
8 | Chloroform extract | – | – | MEEKC | Aloe-emodin (2.04%), rhein (0.5%), emodin (1.58%), chrysophanol (5.06%), physcion (0.98%) | [110] |
9 | 95% ethanol and chloroform extract | – | – | DryLab software-aided RP-HPLC | Aloe-emodin (0.15%), rhein (0.03%), emodin (0.09%), chrysophanol (0.52%), physcion (0.05%) | [111] |
10 | Chloroform extract | – | – | DryLab software-aided RP-HPLC | Aloe-emodin (0.33%), rhein (0.07%), emodin (0.20%), chrysophanol (1.02%), physcion (0.18%) | [111] |
11 | Water extract | – | – | UPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS | Aloe-emodin (0.14%), rhein (0.31%), emodin (0.24%), chrysophanol (0.37%), physcion (2.69%) | [112] |
12 | Ethanol-chloroform extract | – | – | LC–MS | Rhein, physcion, emodin | [113] |
13 | Methanol extract | – | – | BC-SOS-LPME coupled with HPLC–UV | Rhein (0.6%), chrysophanol (2.53%) | [114] |
14 | Methanol extract | Rhei Rhizoma | – | HPLC–UV-MS | Aloe-emodin (0.24%), rhein (0.13%), emodin (0.11%), chrysophanol (0.31%), physcion (0.13%) | [115] |
15 | 80% methanol extract | R. officinale; R. palmatum; R. Tanguticum | – | UPLC-PDA | Aloe-emodin-8-O-glucoside, rhein-8-O-glucoside, chrysophanol-1-O-glucoside, emodin-1-O-glucoside, chrysophanol-8-O-glucoside, emodin-8-O-glucoside | [116] |
16 | Methanol extract | R. undulatum L. | Rhizome | Diaion HP-20 column chromatography; silica gel column chromatography; ODS column chromatography; HPLC | Chrysophanol-8-O-β-d-(6′-galloyl)-glucopyranoside, aloe-emodin-1-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, chrysophanol-1-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, chrysophanol-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | [117] |
17 | Ethanol extract | Korean rhubarb | Rhizome | Silica gel column chromatography | Chrysophanol, physcion, emodin, chrysophanol-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, emodin-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | [118] |
18 | Ethanol extract | Korean rhubarb | Rhizome | Silica gel column chromatography | Chrysophanol-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, chrysophanol | [119] |
19 | 70% ethanol extract | R. crispus | Rhizome | HPLC | Emodin-glucoside (0.006%), emodin (0.12%), chrysophanol (0.39%) | [9] |
20 | 50% ethanol extract | R. likiangense Sam. | Rhizome | HSCCC | Rhaponticin, desoxyrhaponticin | [120] |
21 | Ethanol extract | – | Rhizome | Silica gel column chromatography | Piceatannol-3′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | [121] |
22 | Ethanol extract | Korean rhubarb | Rhizome | Silica gel column chromatography | Desoxyrhaponticin, rhaponticin, resveratrol, desoxyrhapotigenin, rhapontigenin, piceid, ε-viniferin, piceatannol-3′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, ampelopsin B, isorhaponticin | [118] |
23 | Acetone extract | Garden rhubarb (hybrids of R. rhabarbarum L. and R. rhaponticum L.) | Rhizome | MLCCC; HPLC; NMR; HR-MS; HPLC–DAD | Trans-rhapontigenin, trans-desoxyrhapontigenin, trans-rhaponticin, trans-desoxyrhapontici, trans-piceatannol-3′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, trans-resveratrol-4′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | [122] |
24 | Methanol extract | Rhei Rhizoma | – | HPLC–UV-MS | Resveratrol-4’-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, resveratrol-4′-O-β-d-(2′’-O-galloyl)-glucopyranoside, resveratrol 4’-O-β-d-(6’’-O-galloyl)-glucopyranoside | [115] |
25 | 80% ethanol extract | R. undulatum L. | Rhizome | Chromatography | Desoxyrhapontigenin | [123] |
26 | Methanol extract | R. undulatum L. | Rhizome | – | Rhaponticin, rhaponticin 2’’-O-gallate, isorhapontin, piceatannol 3’-O-Glc, rhapontigenin, resveratrol, isorhapontigenin, piceatannol, desoxyrhapontigenin | [124] |
27 | Methanol extract | Rhei Rhizoma | – | – | Rhubarb galloyl (RG)-tannin | [125] |
28 | Methanol extract | R. tanguticum Maxim. | Rhizome | Reversed phase gel column chromatography | RG-Tannin (3.15%), rhatannin (0.005%) | [14] |
29 | Methanol extract | R. palmatum L. | Rhizome | Reversed phase gel column chromatography | RG-Tannin (3.49%), rhatannin (0.85%) | [14] |
30 | Methanol extract | R. officinale Baill. | Rhizome | Reversed phase gel column chromatography | RG-Tannin (1.74%), rhatannin (0.004%) | [14] |
31 | Methanol/ chloroform extract | R. emodi | Rhizom; root | Column chromatography; TLC | – | [126] |
32 | Methanol extract | rhaponticum L. | Petiole | RP-HPLC–UV-ESI/MS2 | Myricetin-O-rhamnoside, quercetin-O-rutinoside (rutin), quercetin-O-glucoside, quercetin-O-glucuronide, quercetin-O-glucuronide, quercetin | [127] |
33 | Acetone extract | Garden rhubarb (hybrids of R. rhabarbarum L. and R. rhaponticum L.) | Leaves; petiole | MLCCC; HPLC; NMR; HR-MS; HPLC–DAD | 6,8-di-C-β-d-glucosylapigenin, 6-C-β-d-glucosyl-8-C-β-d-arabinosylapigenin, rutin, 6-C-β-d-arabinosyl-8-C-β-d-glucosylapigenin, quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide, isovitexin | [122] |
34 | Methanol extract | Rhei Rhizoma | – | HPLC–UV-MS | Sennidin A (1.12%), sennidin B (0.37%) | [115] |
35 | – | Hokkai Daio | Root | Eastern blotting | Sennidin A phloem (0.00584%), radiate wood (0.0049%), pith (0.00133%) | [128] |
36 | – | R. australe D. Don | Root | Column chromatography | Carpusin, maesopsin | [129] |
37 | Methanol extract | R. undulatum L. | Rhizome | Diaion HP-20 column chromatography; silica gel column chromatography; ODS column chromatography; HPLC | Torachrysone 8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | [117] |
38 | n-pentane and diethyl ether extract | R. rhabarbarum L. | Stalk | VHS; GC–MS; GC | Alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, acids sesquiterpenes, terpenes, phenolic derivatives | [130] |
39 | Methanol extract | nanum; R. Racemiferum; delavay; pumilum; R. sublanceolatum | – | HPLC–DAD-ESI-MSn | Sennosides, anthraquinones, stilbenes, glucose gallates, naphthalenes, procyanidins, chromones | [131] |
40 | Methanol extract | Rhei Rhizoma | – | HPLC–UV-MS | Gallic acid (0.26%) | [115] |
41 | 95% ethanol extract | – | Root; stem | CCC; LC/MS | Tannins and gallic acid | [132] |
42 | Ethanol extract | R. palmatum L. | Rhizom; root | HPLC | – | [133] |
43 | Methanol extract | R. undulatum L. | Rhizome | Silica gel column chromatography | 5-methoxy-cis-rhapontigenin, 5-methoxy-trans-rhapontigenin, resveratrol, piceatannol, deoxyrhapontigenin, rhapontigenin, piceatannol, resveratroloside, δ-viniferin | [134] |
44 | Methanol extract | R. emodi Wall.ex Meisson | Rhizome | Silica gel column chromatography | Desoxyrhapontigenin, desoxyrhaponticin, chrysophanol-8-O–β-d-glucopyranoside, rhapontigenin, torachrysone-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | [135] |
45 | Methanol extract | R. rhaponticum L. | Root | RP-HPLC- UV-ESI/MS2 | Piceatannol glucoside-1, piceatannol glucoside-2, resveratrol glucoside-1, piceatannol glucoside-3, rhapontin-1, resveratrol galloylglucoside, emodin, rhapontigenin, galloylglucoside, deoxyrhapontin, torachrysone glucoside, emodin glucoside, chrysophanol glucoside, deoxyrhapontigenin galloylglucoside, resveratrol dimer-1, resveratrol dimer-2 | [127] |
46 | 70% ethanol extract | R. officinale Baill. | Rhizome | HPLC | Sennoside A (0.33%), emodin-glucoside (0.04%), chrysophanol (0.21%), emodin (0.03%) | [9] |
47 | 70% ethanol extract | R. palmatum L. | Rhizome | HPLC | Sennoside A (0.15%), emodin-glucoside (0.03%), chrysophanol (0.63%), emodin (0.19%) | [9] |
48 | 70% ethanol extract | R. tanguticum Maxim. | Rhizome | HPLC | Sennoside A (0.56%), emodin-glucoside (0.05%), chrysophanol (0.38%), emodin (0.11%) | [9] |
49 | 70% ethanol extract | R. undulatum L. | Rhizome | HPLC | Rhaponticin (5.45%), emodin-glucoside (0.097%), emodin (0.049%), chrysophanol (0.464%) | [9] |
50 | 70% ethanol extract | – | – | UPLC/Q-TOF–MS/MS; chromatographic fingerprints | Aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, catechin, gallic acid, methyl gallate, ethyl gallate, torachrysone, hydroxy physcion, 3,5,4’-trihydroxy-transstilbene, sennoside A, solindleyin, ect | [136] |
51 | Methanol extract | R. officinale; R. palmatum; R. emodi; R. tanguticum; R. franzenbachii; R. hotaoense; | Root | Liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry | Aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, emodin 8-O-glucoside, chrysophanol 8-O-glucoside, sennoside A, rhaponticin, epi-catechin, ect | [16] |
52 | Methanol extract | R. palmatum L. | – | Ultra-performance liquid; PLC/Q-TOF–MS | Emodin-8-O-glucoside, emodin-O-glucoside, catechin-glucopyranoside, gallic acid-3-O-glucoside, torachrysone, chrysophanol dimethylether | [137] |
53 | 70% methanol extract | R. palmatum L. | – | LC–QTOF MS | Rhapontigenin, rhein, resveratrol, cinnamoyl, chrysophanol, physcion, emodin, aloe-emodin, anthranone, dianthrone, etc | [138] |
54 | Water–acetone extract | R. rhabarbarum L. | Stalk | LDI-MSI with gold nanoparticle -enhanced target (AuNPET) | Emodin, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, citreorosein, citreorosein, sennoside E and F, resveratrol, trans-stilbene, rhaponticin, piceatannol 4’-galloylglucoside, quercetin, oxalic acid, succinic acid, carvacrol, dehydroascorbic acid, pcoumaric acid, lysine, chromene, paeonol, vitamin B5 and D1, amino acids threonine, phenylalanine, digalloyl-substituted, procyanidin B2 and B5, gallic acid, magnesium oxalate, ect | [139] |
55 | Ethanol extract | R. palmatum L. | – | HPLC coupled with photodiode array detector | Gallic acid, catechins, epicatechin gallate, chrysophanol (> 0.07%), epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin, sennoside A, sennoside B, aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, physcion (< 0.04%) | [140] |
56 | 70% methanol extract | R. tanguticum Maxim.ex Balf. | – | HPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS | Emodin, rhein, physcion, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, (+)-catechin, sennoside A, sennoside B, sennoside C, polydatin, gallic acid, emodin- 8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, aloe-emodin-8-O-glucoside, epicatechin-3-O-gallate, etc | [141] |
57 | Methanol extract | R. tanguticum Maxim.ex Balf. | – | UPLC/Q-TOF–MS/MS | p-coumaric acid glucoside, (−) epicatechin-3-O-gallate, isolindleyin, phlorizin, emodin, aloe-emodin, emodin-1-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, 4-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone 4′-O-β-d-(6-O-trans-p-coumaroyl)-glucopyranoside, resveratrol-4′-O-β-d-(2′′-O-galloyl)-glucopyra-noside, etc | [142] |
58 | Methanol extract | – | – | UHPLC | Sennoside A, physcion, rhein, chrysophanol, aloe-emodin, emodin, aloe-emodin-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, rhein-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, emodin-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, chrysophanol-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, physcion-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | [143] |
59 | 80% methanol extract | R. palmatum L.; R. tanguticum Maxim.ex Balf.; R. Officinale Baill. | – | HPLC coupled with PDA | Physcion, rhein, aloe-emodin, emodin, chrysophanol, gallic Acid, sennoside A, sennoside B, catechins, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate | [144] |