Table 1 Therapeutic mechanism and anti-fibrosis actions of ginseng extract and formula
From: Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer as a potential therapeutic agent for organ fibrosis disease
Sample | Inducing | Model | Animal groups | Therapeutic mechanisms | Organ | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ginseng extract (GE) | CCl4 | Wistar rat | (1) Control; (2) CCl4; (3) GE (400 mg/kg); 4. CCl4 + GE (400 mg/kg) | ↓TG, TC, LDL, AST, ALT, TGF-β, TβR-I, TβR-II, Smad2, -3, -4, MMP2, -9, col 1a2, col 3a1, IL-8 ↑HDL, IL-10 | Liver | 31 |
Ginseng | CCl4 | Wistar rat | (1) Control; (2) CCl4; (3) Ginseng (300 mg/kg); 4. CCl4 + Ginseng (300 mg/kg) | ↓AST, ALT, GGT, TG, TC, Glu, caspase-3, CD68+ ↑TP, Calcium | Liver | 32 |
Ultrasound ginseng berry extract (UGBE) | MBDL | SD rat | (1) Control; (2) Sham; (3) MBDL; 4. MBDL + Silymarin (150 mg/kg); 5. MBDL + GBE (250 mg/kg); 6. MBDL + UGBE (100, 250, 500 mg/kg) | ↓AST, ALT, Ammonia, TNF-a, NF-κB, iNOS, NO, Myd88, TLR4 ↑SOD, GPX, CAT, HO-1 | Liver | 33 |
Tissue culture raised mountain ginseng adventitious root (TCMGAR) | CCl4 | SD rat | (1) Control; (2) CCl4; 3. Cultivated ginseng (100 mg/kg); 4. TCMGAR (30, 100, 300 mg/kg) | ↓AST, ALT, ALP, MDA ↑GPX | Liver | 34 |
Ginseng essence (GE) | CCl4 | Wistar rat | (1) Control; (2) CCl4; 3. CCl4 + Silymarin (0.5 g/kg); 4. CCl4 + GE (0.625, 1.25, 3.125 g/kg) | ↓AST, ALT ↑GPX, GSH, GRd, GST, SOD, CAT, Albumin | Liver | 35 |
Korean red ginseng (KRG) | γIR | C57BL/6 mouse | (1) Control; (2) γIR; 3. γIR + KRG (10, 50 mg/kg) | ↓AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, COX-2, TGF-β1, ERK, NF-κB Nrf2 ↑HO-1 | Liver | 37 |
Red ginseng extract (RGE) | CCl4 | C57BL/6 mouse | (1) Control; (2) CCl4; 3. CCl4 + RGE (30, 100, 300 mg/kg) | ↓ ALT, AST, TGF-β1, PAI-1, α-SMA | Liver | 38 |
Korean red ginseng (KRG) | Alcohol | SD rat | (1) Control; (2) Alcohol; 3. Alcohol + KRG (125, 250 mg/kg) | ↓TG, TC, SREBP-1c, FAS, ACC, Leptin, HSL ↑CPT-1a, p-AMPK, PPAR-γ, Adiponectin | Liver | 39 |
Panax ginseng extract (PEG) | IR | C57BL/6N mouse | (1) Control; (2) IR; 3. IR + melatonin (20 mg/kg); 4. IR + PEG (20, 50, 100 mg/kg) | ↓MDA, TGF-β1, TNA-α ↑SOD, CAT, GSH | Lung | 41 |
Renshen Pingfei Decoction | BLM | SD rat | (1) Control; (2) BLM; 3. BLM + prednisone acetate (5.4 mg/kg) 4. BLM + RPFS (0.65 g/100 g) | ↓RI, Smad3, TGF-β, NF-κB, HYP, MDA ↑FVC, TLC, Cchord, SOD | Lung | 42 |
Jinshui Huanxian formula (JHF) | BLM | SD rat | (1) Control; (2) BLM; (3) BLM + PFD (50 mg/kg) 4. BLM + JHF (10.8 g/kg) | ↓α-SMA, col-I, col-III, HYP, MDA, MPO, NOX4 ↑FVC, T-SOD, GSH, CAT, Nrf2a | Lung | 43 |
Shenge Yangfei Capsules (SGYC) | BLM | Wistar rat | (1) Control; (2) BLM; 3. BLM + dexamethasone (5 mg/kg); 4. BLM + SGYC (70, 420, 850 mg/kg) | ↓MAO, TGF-β1 | Lung | 44 |
Decoction for Strengthening Qi and Replenishing Lung (DSQRL) | CCl4 | SD rat | (1) Control; (2) CCl4; 3. CCl4 + prednisolone (6.35 mg/kg); 4. CCl4 + DSQRL (7.7 g/kg); 5. CCl4 + Prednisolone + DSQRL | ↑HYP, TGF-β1, Col | lung | 45 |
Ginseng mixture | ISO | Wistar rat | (1) Control; (2) ISO; 3. ISO + Captopril (0.45 mg/2 mL); 4. ISO + ginseng mixture (20, 80 g/kg) | ↓HYP, CK, LDH, H2O2 ↑CAT, GPX | Heart | 47 |
Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) | ISO | Wistar rat | (1) Control; (2) ISO; (3) KRG (500 mg/kg); 4. ISO + KRG (250, 500 mg/kg) | ↓ HYP, LDH, AST, ALT, caspase-3, MDA, MPO, CK-MB, TNF-α ↑LVSP, SOD, CAT, GPX | Heart | 48 |
Shensong Yangxin (SSYX) | LAD | SD rat | (1) Sham; (2) LAD; 3. LAD + SSYX (600 mg/kg) | ↓col I, col III, α-SMA, TIMP-1, MMP-9, TGF-β1 ↑LVEF, LVFS | Heart | 49 |
Tongxinluo (TXL) | LAD | SD rat | (1) Sham; (2) LAD; 3. LAD + benazepril (10 mg/kg); 4. LAD + TXL (0.2, 0.4, 0.8 g/kg) | ↓ col II, col III, MMP-2, -9, α-SMA, FSP-1 ↑LVEF, LVFS, CD31, VE-cadherin | Heart | 50 |
Shengmai San (SMS) | LAD | SD rat | (1) Sham; (2) LAD; (3) LAD + SMS (500 mg/kg) | ↓col I, col III, IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α, BNP, TGF-β1, MMP-9, α-SMA ↑LVEF, LVFS, Cx43, Cx40, TIMP-1 | Heart | 51 |
Shengmai Yin (SMY) | Doxorubicin (DOX) | SD rat | (1) Control; (2) DOX; 3. DOX + SMY (8.35, 16.7, 33.4 g/kg) | ↓BNP, CK-MB, TLR2, MCP-1, INF-γ, IL-6, PICP, PIIINP ↑LVEF | Heart | 52 |
YiQiFuMai | LAD | ICR mouse | (1) Control; (2) LAD; 3. LAD + metoprolol (5.14 mg/kg); 4. LAD + YQFM (0.13, 0.26, 0.53 g/kg) | ↓MDA, LDH, CK, HYP, p38, JNK, ErK1/2, PIIINP, NT-proBNP ↑LVEF, LVFS | Heart | 53 |
Ginseng | gentamicin sulphate (GS) | SD rat | (1) Control; (2) GS; 3. GS + KRG (100, 200 mg/kg) | ↓Cre, Urea, BUN, AST, ALT, GGT, TC, TG, Glu, TP, Bax, ↑Bcl-2 Calcium, Phosphorus | Kidney | 55 |
Sun Ginseng (SG) | adenine | SD rat | (1) Control; (2) Adenine; 3. Adenine + SG (0.5, 1.0 g/kg) | ↓Scr, BUN, phosphate in serum, calcium in urine ↑calcium in serum, phosphate in urine | Kidney | 56 |
Korean red ginseng (KRG) | STZ | SD rat | (1) Control; (2) STZ; 3. STZ + losartan (100 mg/kg/); 4. STZ + KRG (250, 500 mg/kg) | ↓blood glucose, HbA1c, BUN, α-SMA, TGF-β1, KIM1, AGE, p62, mTOR ↑LC3, ATG7 | Kidney | 57 |
Korean red ginseng powder (KRGP) | tacrolimus | BALB/c mouse | (1) Control; (2) KRGP (0.2 g/kg); 3. tacrolimus; 4. tacrolimus + KRGP | ↓Scr, α-SMA, TGF-β, 8-OHdG, PI3K, p-AKT, FoxO3a, ROS ↑Plasma Klotho, E-CA, MnSOD | Kidney | 58 |
GS-E3D | STZ | SD rat | 1.Control; 2. STZ; 3. STZ + GS-E3D (20, 50, 100 mg/kg) | ↓albuminuria, 8-OHdG in urine, AGE in urine, α-SMA | Kidney | 59 |
TXL | diabetes | KK-Ay mouse | 1. Control: C57BL/6 mouse; 2. Model: KK-Ay mouse; 3. KK-Ay mice + TXL (0.75 g/kg) | ↓TGF-β1, Smad3, col IV, FN, ↑Ccr | Kidney | 60 |