Table 1 Information on flavonoids for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy

Quercetin

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

50 mg/kg/d

TNF-α/IL-1β/AGEs

[31]

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

150–350 mg/kg

TNF-α-p38 MAP kinase signalling pathway

[32]

Leprdb/Leprdb(db/db) mice

50–100 mg/kg

SCAP-SREBP2-LDLr signalling pathway

[33]

Leprdb/Leprdb(db/db) mice

100–150 mg/kg

Hippo pathway

[40]

Sprague Dawley rats

10 mg/kg

IcaM-1

[35]

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

100 mg/kg

NF-kB/SIRT1

[36]

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats/NRK-52E cells

10 mg/kg

reduce ROS

[39]

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

25 mg/kg

TGF-β1

[38]

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

25–100 mg/kg

NLRP3

[34]

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

50 mg/kg

TGF-β1/CTGF

[37]

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

10 mg/kg

PKC/MARK pathway

[41]

Human mesangial cell (HMC)

100 µM (in vitro)

NF-κB signalling pathway

[42]

Baicalin

High glucose-induced podocyte

6.25–25 μM (in vitro)

Sirtuin 1/NF-κB signalling pathway

[46]

Streptozotocin-induced DN mice

15–45 mg/kg/d

microRNA-124/TLR4/NF-κB axis

[47]

Streptozotocin-induced DN mice

160 mg/kg

MAPK pathway/NF-κB signalling// TGF-β/Smad3 pathway

[48]

Kaempferol

Streptozotocin-induced DN mice

10 mg/kg

TRAF6

[51]

Streptozotocin-induced DN mice/GLUTag cell lines

50–200 mg/kg;1–50 μM (in vitro)

GLP-1/RhoA/Rho kinase

[53]

NRK-52E and RPTEC cells

5–50 μM(in vitro)

RhoA/Rho kinase

[52]

Myricetin

Streptozotocin with cadmium induced DN rats

1.0–1.5 mg/kg

SREBP-1a/SREBP-1c/SREBP-2/TGF-β1/VEGF/PPAR-α

[59]

Streptozotocin with cadmium induced DN rats

1.0 mg/kg

GLUT-2/GLUT-4/IRS-1/IRS-2/PKB

[58]

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

6 mg/d

GPx/XO

[57]

Rutin

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

100 mg/kg

MMPs

[63]

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

10–90 mg/kg

TGF-β1/Smad/ECM and TGF-β1/CTGF/ECM signalling pathways

[64]

HRGECs

12.5–50 μM (in vitro)

ROS/Rhoa/ROCK Signalling Pathway

[65]

Glomerular mesangial cells

0.2–0.8 μM (in vitro)

ACTA2 and p38 protein

[66]

Alloxan-induced DN rats

100 mg/kg

AQP2/AQP3/V2R

[67]

Alloxan-induced DN rats

100 mg/kg

GF-β1/GRP78/CHOP

[68]

Apigenin

Streptozotocin-induced DN mice

20 mg/kg

TNF-α/IL-6/NF-κB/MAPK signalling pathway

[72]

HK-2 cells

100–200 μM (in vitro)

Nrf2/HO-1

[71]

Streptozotocin-induced DN mice

25–50 mg/kg

Nrf2/HO-1/NF-kB Signalling Pathway

[71]

Luteolin

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

80 mg/kg

Nphs2

[74]

Leprdb/Leprdb(db/db) mice

50 mg/kg

STAT3 pathway

[75]

Nesangial cells MPC-5 cells

30 μM (in vitro)

IL-1β/NLRP3

[76]

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

200 mg/kg

SOD/MDA/HO-1

[77]

Naringin

Rat glomerular mesangial cells

5–80 μM (in vitro)

NLRP3

[80]

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

20–80 mg/kg

NOX4

[81]

Naringenin

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

5–10 mg/kg

IL-1

[82]

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

50 mg/kg

let-7a/TGFBR1 signalling pathway

[83]

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats/NRK-52E cells

25–75 mg/kg; 0.01–1 μM (in vitro)

CYP4A/20-HETE/PPARs

[84]

Hesperidin

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

50–150 mg/kg

Nrf2/ARE/glo1 pathway

[88]

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

100 mg/kg

α-KL/FGF-23 pathway

[89]

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

40 mg/kg

TGF-β1-ILK-Akt signalling pathway

[90]

Genistein

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

10 mg/kg

ERK

[93]

Alloxan-induced DN rats

0.025–0.1%

NF-kB/(MCP-1)/TGFβ-1

[94]

Mouse podocyte cell lines

20 μM (in vitro)

mTOR signalling pathway

[95]

Proanthocyanidin

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

250 mg/kg

Nrf2 signalling pathway

[98]

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

250 mg/kg

Caspase-12 pathway

[99]

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

250 mg/kg

AGEs/RAGE

[100]

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

125–500 mg/kg

AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1a signalling/PGC-1α/SIRT1/AMPK

[101]

Streptozotocin-induced DN rats

500 mg/kg

TGF-β1/AGEs/RAGE/CTGF

[102]

Eriodictyol

Mesangial cells MPC-5 cells

0–25 μm (in vitro)

Akt/NF‐κB pathway

[104]

Morin

Mesangial cells MPC-5 cells

25–50 μm (in vitro)

p38 MAPK/JNK signalling pathway

[107]

Tangeretin

db/db mice

10 mg/kg

EMT/E-cadherin/P-cadherin

[109]

Human glomerular mesangial cells

0–26 μm (in vitro)

ROS/MDA/FN/ERK signalling pathway

[110]