Table 2 Chemical constituents of natural medicines to treat PAH

Alkaloids

Ligustrazine

C₈H₁₂N₂

2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine

[75, 76]

Alkaloids

Tetrandrine

C₃₈H₄₂N₂O₆

(1S,14S)-9,20,21,25-tetramethoxy-15,30-dimethyl-7,23-dioxa-15,30-diazaheptacyclo[22.6.2.2^3,6.1^8,12.1^14,18.0^27,31.0^22,33]hexatriaconta-3(36),4,6(35),8,10,12(34),18,20,22(33),24,26,31-dodecaene

[77]

Flavonoids

Breviscapine

C₂₁H₁₈O₁₂

(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-[5,6-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid

[79]

Flavonoids

Puerarin

C₂₁H₂₀O₉

7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl) oxan-2-yl] chromen-4-one

[80, 81]

Flavonoids

Genistein

C₁₅H₁₀O₅

5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) chromen-4-one

[82]

Flavonoids

Baicalein

C₁₅H₁₀O₅

5,6,7-trihydroxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one

[83, 84]

Flavonoids

Quercetin

C₁₅H₁₀O₇

2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxychromen-4-one

[85]

Flavonoids

Isoquercitrin

C₂₁H₂₀O₁₂

2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl) oxan-2-yl] oxychromen-4-one

[86]

Flavonoids

Dihydromyricetin

C₁₅H₁₂O₈

(2R,3R)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one

[87]

Polyphenols

Danshensu

C₉H₁₀O₅

(2R)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid

[88]

Polyphenols

Salvianolic acid A

C₂₆H₂₂O₁₀

(2R)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-[(E)-3-[2-[(E)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl]prop-2-enoyl]oxypropanoic acid

[89]

Polyphenols

Resveratrol

C₁₄H₁₂O₃

5-[(E)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]benzene-1,3-diol

[92]

Terpenes

Dihydroartemisinin

C₁₅H₂₄O₅

(1R,4S,5R,8S,9R,10S,12R,13R)-1,5,9-trimethyl-11,14,15,16-tetraoxatetracyclo[10.3.1.0^4,13.0^8,13] hexadecan-10-ol

[93]

Terpenes

Triptolide

C₂₀H₂₄O₆

(1S,2S,4S,5S,7R,8R,9S,11S,13S)-8-hydroxy-1-methyl-7-propan-2-yl-3,6,10,16-tetraoxaheptacyclo[11.7.0.0^2,4.0^2,9.0^5,7.0^9,11.0^14,18]icos-14(18)-en-17-one

[94, 95]

Terpenes

Paclitaxel

C₄₇H₅₁NO₁₄

[(1S,2S,3R,4S,7R,9S,10S,12R,15S)-4,12-diacetyloxy-15-[(2R,3S)-3-benzamido-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl]oxy-1,9-dihydroxy-10,14,17,17-tetramethyl-11-oxo-6-oxatetracyclo[11.3.1.0^3,10.0^4,7]heptadec-13-en-2-yl] benzoate

[96]

Terpenes

Glycyrrhizin

C₄₂H₆₂O₁₆

(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6S)-2-[[(3S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aS,11S,12aR,14aR,14bS)-11-carboxy-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,14b-heptamethyl-14-oxo-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14a-dodecahydro-1H-picen-3-yl]oxy]-6-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid

[98]

Quinones

Thymoquinone

C₁₀H₁₂O₂

2-methyl-5-propan-2-ylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione

[99]

Quinones

sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS)

C₁₉H₁₇NaO₆S

sodium;1,6,6-trimethyl-10,11-dioxo-8,9-dihydro-7H-naphtho[1,2-g][1]benzofuran-2-sulfonate

[90, 91]

Quinones

Hydroxysafflor yellow A

C₂₇H₃₂O₁₆

2,5-dihydroxy-6-[(E)-1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enylidene]-2,4-bis[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]cyclohex-4-ene-1,3-dione

[101]

Glycosides

Salidroside

C₁₄H₂₀O₇

(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]oxane-3,4,5-triol

[102, 103]

Glycosides

Polydatin

C₂₀H₂₂O₈

(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[3-hydroxy-5-[(E)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]phenoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol

[104]

Glycosides

Icariin

C₃₃H₄₀O₁₅

5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one

[105]

Lignans

Arctigenin

C₂₁H₂₄O₆

(3R,4R)-4-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-3-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one

[106]

Coumarins

Praeruptorin A

C₂₁H₂₂O₇

[(9S,10S)-10-acetyloxy-8,8-dimethyl-2-oxo-9,10-dihydropyrano[2,3-f]chromen-9-yl] (Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoate

[108]

Polysaccharides

Astragalus polysaccharides

C₁₀H₇ClN₂O₂S

2-(chloromethyl)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3-thiazole

[109]