Fig. 4
Effect of ED50 doses of curcumin, piperine, and curcumin-piperine combination on formalin-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in paw tissues and spinal cord. Effect of each treatment on IL-6 and TNF-α expression in paw tissues (A and B) and spinal cord (C and D). Data are expressed as means ± S.E.M (n = 4). The differences between the groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, compared to the control group and ###p < 0.001, ##p < 0.01 and #p < 0.05, compared to the formalin group. CON, control group; FOR, formalin; ED50 Cur, ED50 Pip, and ED50 Cur+Pip, ED50 doses of curcumin, piperine, and combination, respectively