Table 3 Pharmacological effects of PCL

Anti-inflammatory effects

Psoralen

Reduced the release of inflammatory factors and inflammatory cell infiltration

5, 10, 20 mg/kg

Dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis mice

In vivo

[77]

Isopsoralen

Targeted MIF and reduced the release of inflammatory factors

10, 20 μM; 5, 20 mg/kg

Fibroblast-like synoviocytes; Collagen-induced arthritis mice

In vitro; In vivo

[78]

Imperatorin

Inhibited COX-2, iNOS, and NF-κB activity and reduced circulating cytokines

ED50 = 4.53 mg/kg

Acetic acid and formalin -induced mice

In vivo

[79]

Bavachinin A

Suppressed phosphorylation of p38 and JNK and inhibited expression and secretion of inflammatory factors in macrophages

6.25, 12.5, 25 μM

RAW264.7 cells stimulated by LPS

In vitro

[80]

Corylin

Inhibited pro-caspase-1 self-shear activation

20 μM

NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2 inflammasomes with immortalized bone marrow-derived macrophages

In vitro

[81]

Bakuchiol

Activated SIRT1 signaling pathway

1, 5, 10 μM

LPS-induced cardiomyocyte inflammation myocytes

In vitro

[82]

Antibacterial effects

Psoralen

Inhibited the growth of biofilms

MIC = 6.25 μg/mL

Planktonic porphyromonas gingivalis and porphyromonas gingivalis

In vitro

[83]

Isopsoralen

Inhibited the growth of biofilms

MIC = 3.125 μg/mL

Planktonic porphyromonas gingivalis and porphyromonas gingivalis

In vitro

[83]

Isobavachalcone

Changed the bacterial morphology, destroy the cell membrane, increased the permeability of cell wall and the amount of soluble protein leakage in the cell

MIC = 0.078 mg/mL

Staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa

In vitro

[84]

Antiviral effects

Isopsoralen

Inhibited the lytic replication of the virus

IC50 = 28.95 μM

Murine gammaherpesvirus 68

In vitro

[86]

Psoralen

Increased the neutralizing antibody titer of each dengue serotype

50 μg/mL

Mice and nonhuman primates

In vivo

[87]

Psoralen

Down-regulated the expression of FOXO1 replication

IC50 = 63.7 ​ ± ​14.53 μm

HepG2.2.15 ​cells

In vitro

[88]

Antioxidant effects

Bavachinin A

Increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and mitochondrial membrane potential

10^–6 M

Aβ-induced PC12 cells

In vitro

[90]

Corylisoflavone A

Reduced ROS levels through mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial pathways and regulated Nrf2 signaling pathway

10^–3, 10^–2, 10^–1 μM

UVB-induced HaCaT cells

In vitro

[91]

Bakuchiol

Activated the SIRT3/SOD2 signaling pathway

20 mg/kg

Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice

In vivo

[92]

Isopsoralen

Regulated the PPAR-γ/Wnt pathway

10 mg/kg

Ovariectomized rats

In vivo

[93]

Anticancereffects

 Block cell cycle

Psoralen

Inhibited Wnt/β-catenin pathway

IC10 = 8 μg/mL; IC10 = 12 μg/mL

MCF-7 cells; MDA-MB-231 cells

In vitro

[94]

Psoralen

Blocked the G0/G1 and G2/M phases

10, 30, 50 and 100 μg/ml

PC3 cells

In vitro

[95]

Bakuchiol

Induced S-phase arrest through the p38-ROS-p53 pathway and inhibited cell proliferation through the JNK pathway

30 μmol/L

MCF-7 cells

[96]

 Induction of apoptosis

Psoralen

Induced apoptosis via caspase-3, p53, Bax, and Bcl-2 pathway

10, 30, 50 and 100 μg/mL

SMMC-7721 cells

In vitro

[97]

Psoralen

Depolymerized the cytoskeletal protein F-actin

25, 30, 50 μg/mL

BGC-803 cells

In vitro

[98]

Psoralen

Triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress

10, 20, 40 and 80 μM

SMMC-7721 cells

In vitro

[99]

Isobavachalcone

Regulated Sirtuins-related signaling pathway

60 μM

H460 cell

In vitro

[100]

Isobavachalcone

Promoted the phosphorylation of AKT and its downstream GSK-3β, activated autophagy

10, 12, 14 μM

SW480cells

In vitro

[101]

Isobavachalcone

Inhibited RSK2 activity and regulated the expression of c-Jun and Bcl-2/Bax

20, 40 μM

CNE-2Z cells

In vitro

[102]

 Inhibit cell migration and invasion

Psoralen

Suppressed the expression levels of MKI67, PCNA, MMP2 and MMP9

30 μg/ml

HTB-47 and CRL-1932 cells

In vitro

[103]

Isopsoralen

Up-regulated the expression of LncRNA THOR and down-regulated the expression of miR-153-5p

10、30、90 μg/ml

Tu686 cells

In vitro

[104]

Imperatorin

Downregulated the expression of HMGB2

25, 50 µM

SKBR3 cells

In vitro

[105]

 Photosensitive effects

Psoralen

Inhibited cell proliferation, reducted DNA synthesis and inducted inflammatory cell apoptosis

0.4 mg/kg

Patients with psoriasis

In vivo

[106]

Psoralen

Normalized the expression of abnormal NGF and Sema3A in the epidermis

0.4 mg/kg

Patients with atopic dermatitis

In vivo

[107]

 Estrogen-like effects

Psoralen

Bind to ERα and inhibited the activation of TLR4-IRAK4-NF-κB pathway

3.125, 6.25, 12.5 μg/mL

Human periodontalligament cells

In vitro

[110]

Isopsoralen

Activated ERα and regulated the PI3K/AKT pathway

5, 10 mg/kg

Mice with spinal cord injury

In vivo

[111]

 Regulation of cardiovascular system functions

70% ethanol extracts of PCL

Induced vasodilation through endothelium-dependent and non-dependent pathways

10–600 μg/mL

Rat aortic rings

In vitro

[113]

Psoralen

Exerted vasodilatory effects via endothelium-dependent NO pathway and promoted eNOS protein expression

0.1, 1, 10 μM

Rat thoracic aortas

In vitro

[114]

Bakuchiol

Exerted vasodilatory effects via non-endothelium dependent pathway of opening inwardly rectifying potassium channel

0.1, 1, 10 μM

Rat thoracic aortas

In vitro

[114]

Isobavachalcone

Promoted HUVEC migration, reduced the secretion of inflammatory factors, and down-regulated NOD1/RIP2 signaling pathway.resistance

2.5, 5, 10 μM

LPS-induced HUVEC cells

In vitro

[115]

 Regulation of nervous system functions

70% ethanol extracts of PCL

Improved the learning and memory ability by increasing the expressions of ERα, ERβ, FSHR and LHR

0.5 g/kg

APP/PS1mice

In vivo

[117]

70% ethanol extracts of PCL

Increased the content of 5-hydroxytryptamine in serum and hippocampus

15, 30, 60 mg/kg

Mice

In vivo

[118]

Psoralen

Inhibited neural stem cell proliferation and promoted stem cell differentiation

10, 50, 100 nM

Adult neural stem cells

In vitro

[119]

Psoralen

Reduced the expression of APP, BACE1 and Aβ protein through the ERβ-mediated P-ERK pathway

1 μM

Aβ-induced PC12 cells

In vitro

[120]

Imperatorin

Mitigated proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and modulated brain-derived neurotropic factor

5, 10 mg/kg

LPS-induced mice

In vivo

[121]

 Regulation of immune system functions

Psoralen

Regulated Th1/Th2 cell balance and inhibited the release of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β

40 mg/kg

Type II collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis in mice

In vivo

[123]

Imperatorin

Suppressed anaphylactic reaction and IgE-mediated allergic responses by inhibiting multiple steps of FceRI Signaling in Mast Cell

15, 30, 60 mg/kg

Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice

In vivo

[124]

PCp-I (a polysaccharide from PCL)

Activated RAW264.7 cells through NF-κB/MAPK signalling pathway

100, 200, 400 and 800 μg/m L

RAW264.7 cells

In vitro

[125]

 Regulation of motor system functions

Psoralen

Promote osteoclast bone resorption and osteoblast bone differentiation through the ERK pathway

2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 μM

BMM cells and MC3T3-E1 cells

In vitro

[127]

Psoralen

Increased the expression of PPARγ, osteocalcin, and trabecular bone area

35 mg/kg

Rabbits with steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head

In vivo

[128]

Psoralen

Promoted the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and induced bone marrow mesenchymal stem

cells to differentiate into cartilage

10 μM

Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

In vitro

[129]

Isopsoralen

Inhibited the Axin2/PPAR-γ signaling pathway and activating the Wnt signaling pathway

25 mg/kg

Dexamethasone sodium injection-induced in rats

In vivo

[130]

Isopsoralen

Inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway

30 μM

Primary mouse mononuclear macrophages

In vitro

[131]

Neobavaisoflavone

Interfered the activation of key signaling pathways mediated by RANKL/RANK

30 mg/kg; 2, 4, 8 μM

Ovariectomized in mice; RAW264.7

cells and BMMC cells

In vivo; In vitro

[132]