Table 1 Summary of pharmacodynamics, mechanism and pharmacodynamic material basis of SFJDC

Antibacterial and antiviral

Inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus sp., Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumonia, Proteus sp., Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Candida albicans, Shigella dysenteriae and β-Hemolytic streptococcus.^[21.22];

Inhibiting H1N1 (FM1strain, PR8 strain, Jiangxi Xiushui strain, B10 strain, B59 strain), HSV-1, HSV-2, RSV, parainfluenza virus (Sendai strain), CBV3, CBV4, CBV5 [22,23,24,25, 27];

Regulating miR-155/JAK1-STAT1 [26] and MAPK/NF-κB pathways [18];

Reducing IL-1β, IL-18 levels in serum and BALF, reducing NLRP3-associated components and viral titers in lung homogenates [6];

Decreasing TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ in the lungs, increasing the amount of CD4 + and CD8 + cells in the blood [28];

Binding with SARS-CoV-2, ACE2, TNF, STAT1, CCL2, RELA, MAPK1 to exert therapeutic effect on COVID-19 [29,30,31,32,33]

Licochalcone a [31], quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, wogonin, baicalein and polydatin [28,29,30]

Anti-inflammatory

Inhibiting the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, P-selectin, TGF-β, keratinocyte-derived chemokine, c-Jun/AP-1, NF-κB mRNA in lung tissue; suppressing MAPK/NF-κB pathway [34, 35];

Regulating PI3K/Akt and ERK pathways [15, 17]; Regulating GPR18 [37], A2AAR [38];

Mediating autophagy and apoptosis, suppressing inflammatory factors release [39];

Inhibiting IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12(p70), IL-13, IL-17,G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, KC, TNF-α in LPS-induced macrophage [40]

Forsythoside E, forsythoside A, isoforsythiaside A, verbascoside, hastatoside, verbenalin, forsythin, 3-hydroxyglabrol, vitexin, emodin, phillyrin, polydatin, rhein, emodin-8-monomethylether, 6-hydroxyaloeemodin, physcion, deoxyglabrolide, liquiritigenin, adoxosidic acid [15, 17,18,19]

Immunoregulatory

Reducing B cells(%), CD8 + (%) and IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-γ, IgM, IgG levels in serum, reducing the weight of thymus, spleen and lung, increasing CD4 + /CD8 + , NK(%) [41];

Increasing GSH-Px, SOD, inhibiting MDA and inflammatory factors [42];

Adjusting the ratio of CD3 + , CD4 + /CD8 + of serum T lymphocyte subsets [43];

Interfering with several key proteins such as HRAS, MAP2K1, AKT1, MME, and PTPN1 [44]

Dihydrodylate glycoside, caffeic acid, liquiritin, emodin, phillyrin, verbenalin, 7-methoxy isorhamnetin, kaemferol-3-O-rhamnoside [44]

Antipyretic

Reduce body temperature [45];

Reducing PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, MIP-1α, cAMP, cAMP/cGMP levels in serum and hypothalamus;

Declining Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase, NOS, NO levels in hypothalamus [46];

Enhancing AVP content in hypothalamus;

Reducing TLR4, NF-κB p65, IkBα and COX2 expression in hypothalamus [47]

Glycyrrhizic acid, dihydropatrinoside, saikosaponin D, forsythoside E, forsythoside I, verbascoside, isoverbascoside, forsythin, pinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucoside, emodin, emodin-1-O-glucoside, rhein, trans-polydatin, liquiritigenin, liquiritin, 7-methoxyisorhamnetin [20]