Traditional Chinese medicine in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitor: theory, development, and future directions

Table 3 Clinical results of TCM in treatment and precaution of irAEs

Year-Author	Cancer type	TCM	Formulation	Immunotherapy	IrAE	Outcomes
RCT
2022-Wu L [104]	NSCLC	Qigui Yishen Decoction	Compound prescription	Anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1	Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related AKI	Lower BUN, Scr, and higher eGFR
2022-Min M [105]	Malignant tumour	Heat-sensitive moxibustion	Moxibustion	Anti-PD-1	Prevention	Lower incidence of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related gastrointestinal toxicity
2021-Zhou Y [106]	Malignant tumour	Yifei Decoction	Yifei Decoction	ICIs	Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis	All grades reduced
2022-Xu Q [107]	Malignant tumour	Topical TCM	Compound prescription	ICIs	Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related skin toxicity	Lower incidence of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related skin toxicity
Case report
2022-Wang Z [102]	gastric carcinoma	Chai-Ling -Tang	Compound prescription	Anti-PD-1(sintilimab) + paclitaxel + tegafur	Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related cystitis	Recovered
2022-Li J [103]	lung cancer	Acupuncture	Acupuncture	Anti-PD-1(tislelizumab) + docetaxel	Guillain–Barre Syndrome	Relieved

TCM traditional Chinese medicine, irAE immune checkpoint inhibitor-related adverse event, NSCLC none-small-cell lung cancer, PD-1 programmed death-1, PD-L1 programmed cell death-ligand 1, AKI acute kidney injury, BUN blood urea nitrogen, Scr serum creatinine, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration Rate, ICIs immune checkpoint inhibitors

ISSN: 1749-8546