Fig. 2

Schematic of Hallmarks of cancer. Hallmarks of Cancer is a process of continuous discovery. Currently, 14 Hallmarks of Cancer have been found: sustaining proliferative signaling, Evolving growth suppressors, Deregulating cellular metabolism, Avoiding immune destruction, Resisting cell death, Enabling replicative immortality, Genome instability & mutation, Tumor-promoting inflammation, Inducing or accessing vascular, Activating invasion & metastasis, Unlocking phenotypic plasticity, Nonmutational epigenetic reprogramming, Senescent cells, Polymorphic microbiomes. The first version of Hallmarks of Cancer was proposed in 2000; six basic Hallmarks of cancer were proposed at that time (Sustaining proliferative signaling, Evolving growth suppressors, Resisting cell death, Enabling replicative immortality, Inducing or accessing vascular, Activating invasion & metastasis). In 2011, four basic Hallmarks were added to the Hallmarks of Cancer (Avoiding immune destruction, Genome instability & mutation, Tumor-promoting inflammation, and Deregulating cellular metabolism). In 2022, four basic Hallmarks were added again (Senescent cells, Polymorphic microbiomes, Unlocking phenotypic plasticity, Nonmutational epigenetic reprogramming). In the future, more Hallmarks of Cancer will be found and added, which will help cancer researchers to continuously discuss and experimentally elaborate relevant treatments for cancer