Fig. 4

Liquiritigenin activates Nrf2 and reverses TGF-β1-induced oxidative stress. A H2DCFCDA probe represented ROS levels. Scale bars represent 100 μm. B MitoSOX probe represented mitochondrial ROS levels. Scale bars represent 100 μm. C Immunofluorescence microscopy observed the effect of liquiritigenin on Nrf2 nuclear translocation, with scale bars representing 50 μm. D–E The impact of liquiritigenin on Nrf2 nuclear translocation was assessed through Western blotting. F–G mRNA levels of HO-1 and NQO-1 analyzed by qPCR. H–K Protein expression levels of CAT, HO-1, and NQO-1 determined by Western blotting. Data are presented as means ± standard deviation, and each experiment was independently repeated at least three times. (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001)