Fig. 1

The Bufei Yishen formula improves CSE-induced pulmonary pathology and pulmonary function in COPD rats. BYF (11.6, 5.8 g/kg) and doxophylline (Doxo, 36 mg/kg) were administered to COPD rats for 9 to 16 weeks. A Tidal volume (TV). B Minute volume (MV). C Peak expiratory flow (PEF). D Expiratory flow at 50% tidal volume (EF50). E Pathological morphology of pulmonary tissue in each group (H&E, × 200). F Mean alveolar number (MAN). G Mean linear intercept (MLI). H Mean small airway wall thickness. I Inflammation score. Values are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 6), *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared with the control group; ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01 compared with the model group