Table 2 The application of Chinmedomics in the evaluation of the efficacy of herbal medicines/herbal formulas

Kai Xin San

(KXS)

Acorus tatarinowii Schott, Polygala tenuifolia Willd., Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., Poria cocos(Schw.) Wolf

A total of 16 lipid-related biomarkers were found

associated with AD

KXS could call back 8 lipid biomarkers that mainly involved

in linoleic acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism,

and steroid hormone biosynthesis

[58]

Guizhi Fuling Wan

(GFW)

Cinnamomum cassia Presl, Poria cocos(Schw.) Wolf, Paeonia suffruticosa Andr., Prunus persica(L.) Batsch, Paeoniae Radix Rubra

A total of 20 differential biomarkers were involved in the

disturbed metabolic networks in ECB

GFW regulated 10 metabolic pathways including biosynthesis and metabolism of a variety of amino acids, glyoxylic acid and dicarboxylic acid metabolism, citric acid cycle, steroid hormone biosynthesis, primary bile acid biosynthesis, aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis, etc., thus playing a role in the treatment of endometriosis induced by cold coagulation and blood stasis

[61]

Yunnan Baiyao

Panax Tseng, Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Ajuga pantantha Hand, Inula cappa, Dioscorea nipponica Makino, Rhizoma Dioscoreae, Dioscorea parviflora C. T. Ting, Geranium wilfordii Maxim

A total of 28 differential metabolites were found after Yunnan Baiyao treatment, and the coagulation function, blood rheology, pathological results demonstrated, the pathological indexes in rats with epinephrine hydrochloride-induced blood stasis syndrome improved and returned to normal levels

It played a therapeutic role by regulating phenylalanine metabolism, taurine and low taurine metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, histidine metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, etc

[67]

Liu Wei Di Huang Wan (LW)

Rehmannia glutinosa, Cornus officinalis, Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Moutan Cortex, Poria, Alisma plantago-aquatica

A total of 20 potential biomarkers such as creatinine,

estrone, cytidine, and glucosamine were found in kidney

yin deficiency syndrome

LW-treated rats had the most similar metabolic profile to

that of the control rats, indicating the greatest efficiency of

the formula LW on kidney yin deficiency syndrome

[73]

Yin Chen Hao Tang

(YCHT)

ArtemisiacapillarisThunb, Gardeniae Fructus, Rheum officinale

A total of 22 serum biomarkers may be involved in the

potential biological chemistry mechanisms of DHJS

occurrence

YCHT could call back most of the DHJS biomarkers

[74]

Sheng Mai San (SMS)

Panax ginseng, Ophiopogon japonicus, Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus

A total of 37 potential biomarkers were identified in serum

samples of AD

SMS intervention could call back 72.32% proportion of AD

serum potential biomarkers. The mechanisms of SMS

treating AD were mainly related to lipid peroxidation, such

as inhibiting the generation of linoleic acid hydroperoxides

(13-HPODE, 9-HPODE, and 9-OxoODE)

[75]

Shen Qi Wan (SQW)

Radix Rehmanniae Preparata, Fructus Macrocarpii, Rhizoma Dioscoreae Oppositae, Poria,Rhizoma Alismatis, Cortex Moutan Radicis, Achyranthes bidentate, Plantago asiatica

A total of 23 differential metabolites were found as the

potential biomarkers of KYDS through 4 repeated tests in

the serial studies on SQW treating KYDS

SQW led to significant restoration of abnormal metabolism such as tyrosine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis in KYDS

[76]

Ke Luo Xin (KLX)

Astragalus L, Pseudostellaria radix, Fructus Ligustri Lucidi, Lycii Fructus, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Hirudo nipponica Whitman

Based on effectiveness, we discovered 64 blood biomarkers of DR by nontargeted metabolomics analysis, 51 of which returned to average levels after KLX treatment

KLX improved DR may be related to the regulation of tryptophan metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism

[77]

Ji Gu Cao capsule (JGCC)

Abrus mollis Hance, Panax Notoginseng, Bovis Calculus, Sus scrofa domestica Brisson, Origanum vulgare L, Paeoniae Radix Alba, Ziziphus jujuba Mill, Gardeniae Fructus, Artemisia capillaris Thunb, Lycii Fructus

A total of 14 differential metabolites were found after Yunnan Baiyao treatment,and compared with Yanghuang syndrome rats, the levels of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and total bile acid were significantly reduced (P < 0.05)

JGCC significantly reversed a variety of metabolite, regulated part of the lipid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism

[78]

Si Miao Yong An Tang (SMYAT)

Lonicera japonica Thunb, Scrophulariae Radix, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch

SMYAT treatment can regulate 22 core biomarkers, such as normetanephrine and 4-pyridoxic acid

The therapeutic effect of SMYAT was closely related to the tyrosine metabolism, vitamin B6 metabolism and cysteine and methionine metabolism

[79]

Ji Gu Cao capsule

(JGCC)

Abrus mollis Hance, Panax Notoginseng, Bovis Calculus, Sus scrofa domestica Brisson, Origanum vulgare L, Paeoniae Radix Alba, Ziziphus jujuba Mill, Gardeniae Fructus, Artemisia capillaris Thunb, Lycii Fructus

A total of 25 potential urine biomarkers were identified, including Arachidonic acid, Phenylpyruvic acid, L-Urobilin and so on, and 14 related metabolic pathways were disturbed

Metabolites were regulated to the same level as the blank group, and regulated metabolic pathways including vitamin B6 metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism and tryptophan metabolism, etc

[80]