Fig. 2

Signaling pathways and active substances involved in the main pharmacological activities of ganoderic acid. TLR toll-like receptors, MyD88 myeloiddifferentiationfactor88, JAK janus kinase, TRAF6 TNF receptor associated factor 6, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, NF-κB nuclear factor kappa-B, MKK MAP kinase kinase, IKKβ inhibitor kappa B kinaseβ, STAT signal transducers and activators of transcription, PI3K phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases, p38 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p50 NF-κB1, p65 RelA, IκB inhibitor of NF-κB, Akt protein kinase B, AP-1 activator protein-1, MMP-9 matrix metalloproteinase-9, IL-1β interleukin-1β, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, CD8 cluster of differentiation 8, IL-10 interleukin 10, IFN-γ interferon γ