Traditional medicinal plants used for respiratory disorders in Pakistan: a review of the ethno-medicinal and pharmacological evidence

Alamgeer; Younis, Waqas; Asif, Hira; Sharif, Amber; Riaz, Humayun; Bukhari, Ishfaq Ali; Assiri, Asaad Mohamed

doi:10.1186/s13020-018-0204-y

Table 1 Medicinal plants use for respiratory disorders

From: Traditional medicinal plants used for respiratory disorders in Pakistan: a review of the ethno-medicinal and pharmacological evidence

Scientific name	Family	Part used	Traditional use
Abelmoschus esculentus	Solanaceae	Fruit	Throat, cough and bronchitis infections [43]
Abies pindrow Royle	Amaranthaceae	Fresh leaves	Cough, asthma and other chest infection [44]
Abrus precatorius	Fabaceae	Root and leaves	Asthma, cough [45]
Acacia arabica	Apiaceae	Leaves and fruits	Cough [46]
Acacia jacquemontii	Myrsinaceae	Flower, seeds, leaves, stem, bark	Asthma [47]
Acacia modesta Wall	Acanthaceae	Gum	Respiratory tract problems [47]
Acacia nilotica	Apocynaceae	Flowers	Asthma [48]
Achillea millefolium	Asteraceae	Leaves	Cold, flu [49]
Achyranthes aspera Linn.	Amaranthaceae	Leaves	Pneumonia and asthma [50]
Aconitum chasmanthum	Ranunculaceae	Root	Cough, and asthma [51]
Aconitum hetrophyllum	Ranunculaceae	Root	Cough, asthma [51]
Aconitum violaceum	Ranunculaceae	Root	Asthma, cough [51]
Adhatoda vasica nees	Capparidaceae	Whole plant	Cough, bronchitis, asthma [52]
Adhatoda zelyanica Medic	Apocynaceae	Whole plant	Cough, asthma [53]
Adiantum capillus veneris	Liliaceae	Whole plant	Coughs, bronchitis [54]
Adiantum incisum Forssk	Liliaceae	Fronds	Cough and cold [55]
Adiantum venustum	Liliaceae	Rhizome and whole plant	Cough [40]
Aesculus indica	Liliaceae	Fruits	Cough [40]
Ageratum conyzoides L.	Asteraceae	Leaves	Cold and coughs [51]
Albizia lebbeck	Moraceae	Bark	Flu, cough, lung problems [49]
Alhagi maurorum Medic	Fabaceae	Whole plant	Respiratory diseases [54]
Allium cepa	Apiaceae	Stem, leaves	Cough [56]
Allium humile Kunth	Alliaceae	Bulb infusion	Asthma/breathing, problem, cough, cold [40]
Allium sativum L.	Euphorbiaceae	Bulb	Respiratory tract infection [40]
Aloe barbadensis	Liliaceae	Whole plant	Cough, asthma [52]
Aloe vera	Solanaceae	Arieal parts	Cough Suppressant [55]
Alstonia scholaris	Fabaceae	Bark, Leaves	Asthma [57]
Althaea officinalis L.	Lythraceae	Flowers, leaves, roots, fruits and seeds	Asthma and bronchitis [56]
Amaranthus viridis L.	Caeselpiniaceae	Leaves, stem	Cough [58]
Amaranthus albus	Amaranthacea	Flower, stem, leaves, seeds	Asthma [56]
Amaranthus caudatus	Asteraceae	Shoots	Cough and asthma [59]
Amaranthus spinosus L.	Astraceae	Whole plant	Bronchitis [56]
Ammi visnaga [L.] Lam	Amaranthaceae	Fruit and flower	Bronchial asthma/breathing problems, whooping coug [56]
Anagalis arvensis	Poaceae	Fruit, seeds, leaves, stem, flower	Flu [60]
Anaphalis nepalensis	Asteraceae	Flower and leaves	Asthma, cough [61]
Andrachne aspera	Leguminosae	Herb	Cough, bronchitis [62]
Anethum graveolens L.	Solanaceae	Seeds	Bronchitis [63]
Angelica glauaca Edgew	Asteraceae	Ariel parts	Asthma, cold [64]
Angelica glauca	Umbelliferae/apiaceae	Roots	Cough [64]
Apium Graveolens L.	Pinaceae	Seed and root	Bronchitis, asthma [65]
Aremisia scoparia	Asteraceae	Whole plant	Fever cough [66]
Arisaema flavum Forssk.	Berberidaceae	Rhizome, fruit	Cough, cold [66]
Arisaema jacquemonti	Asclepiadaceae	Stem, flower	Asthma [67]
Aristida adcensionis L.	Poaceae	Stem, leaves	Cold [68]
Arnebia benthamii	Boraginaceae	Stem and leaves	Asthma, cough [69]
Artemisia maritima L.	Asteraceae	Aerial parts	Cough [70]
Artemisia fragrans Willd.	Boraginaceae	Leaves	Asthma [71]
Artemisia macrocephala	Euphorbiaceae		Cold, cough, flu, asthma [70]
Artemisia scoparia	Asteraceae	Whole plant	Cough chest problems [70]
Artemisia vulgaris	Asclepiadaceae	Leaves	Asthma [71]
Asphodelus tenuifolius	Apocynaceae	Stem, leaves, seeds	Cold [67]
Astragalus psilocentros	Leguminosae	Roots and thorny branches	Flue [42]
Astragulus tragacantha	Asteraceae	Leaves	Respiratory infection [72]
Atropa acuminate Royle	Ranunculaceae	Leaves, flower	Cold, flu [73]
Avena sativa	Poaceae	Fruit, seeds, leaves, stem	Asthma [74]
Ayapana triplinervis	Caryophyllaceae	Leaves	Cough [75]
Azadirachta indica	Solanaceae	Leaves	Cough [70]
Bambusa bambos [L.]	Solanaceae	Leaves herb	Expectorant [76]
Barleria cristata L.	Lamiaceae	Whole plant	Cold and flu [77]
Bauhinia variegata	Mimosaceae	Bark, root, buds	Asthma [78]
Berberis balochistanica	Berberidaceae	Wholeplant	Cough [79]
Berberis lyceum	Adiantaceae	Root, bark	Cough [78]
Bergenia stracheyi	Saxifragaceae	Leaves and root	Cough, asthma, lungh cancer, respiratory problem [80]
Bergenia ciliate	Apiaceae	Root, flowers and leaves	Coughs and colds, asthma [81]
Bistorta amplexicaulis	Polygonaceae	Leaves	Flu [70]
Bistorta vivipara	Polygonaceae	Root and stem	Chronic bronchitis [68]
Boerhavia procumbens	Rutaceae	Roots	Cough, asthma [70]
Boerhavia procumbens	Nyctaginaceae	Roots	Flue [70]
Brassica campestris	Chenopodiaceae	Flower, fruit, seeds, leaves, stem, pod	Cold [82]
Broussonetia papyrifer	Moraceae	Fruit	Cough [70]
Bambusa arundinacea	Solanaceae	Leaves	Cold, flu [83]
Bunium persicum	Apiaceae	Seeds	Cold, cough [84]
Cadaba farinose	Umbelliferae	Roots, leaves	Cold and cough [85]
Calotropis gigantean	Convolvulaceae	All parts	Cough and asthma [86]
Calotropis procera	Asclepiadaceae	Roots, flowers, latex	Cough [70]
Cannabis sativa	Cannabiaceae	Whole plant	Cough [70]
Capparis aphylla Roth	Euphorbiaceae	Bark	Cough and asthma [87]
Capparis decidua	Solanaceae	All parts	Asthma, cough [70]
Capparis spinosa L.	Capparidaceae	Flower and seeds	Asthma, cough [88]
Capsella bursapastoris L.	Brassicaceae	Seeds	Cough, respiratory diseases [88]
Capsicum annum L.	Asteraceae	Fruit	Bronchitis [70]
Caragana brevifolia	Papillionacea	Roots	Cough [80]
Cardia myxa	Chenopodiaceae	Flower, leaves, seed, bark	Respiratory tract infection [89]
Carissa opaca Stapf	Myrtaceae	Leaves, root and fruit	Cold and flu [70]
Carthamus tinctorius L.	Asteraceae	Flower	Cough, respiratory problems [70]
Carum bulbocastanum Koch.	Apiaceae	Seeds	Fiue [90]
Carum capticum L.	Violaceae	Seeds, leaves and flowers	Cough bronchitis and diarrhea [91]
Carum carvi L.	Asteraceae	Stem and leaves	Bronchitis, cough [92]
Carum copticum Benth	Solanaceae	Whole plant	Whooping cough [22]
Cassia Occidentalis	Mimosaceae	Leaves	Cough [22]
Cassia fistula L.	Moraceae	Fruit	Cough and flue [93]
Catharanthus roseus	Mimosaceae	Whole plant	Cold, flue, bronchitis [70]
Celtis australis L.	Ulmaceae	Leaves	Cough [94]
Chenopodium album	Fabaceae	Flower, fruit, seeds, leaves, stem	Cold [74]
Chenopodium botrys L.	Chenopodiaceae	Stem and leaves	Asthma [67]
Chenopodium morale	Fabaceae	Flower, fruit, seeds, leaves, stem	Flu [62]
Cicer arietinum L.	Moraceae	Fruit	Flu, cough [62]
Cichorium intybus L.	Asteraceae	Whole plants	Asthma and breathing problems [70]
Cichorium endivia Linn.	Asteraceae	Seeds	Cough [94]
Cistanche tubulosa	Poaceae	Whole plant	Cough [95]
Citrullus colocynthis	Cucurbitaceae	Leaves, fruits	Bronchial asthma [93]
Citrus medica	Solanaceae	Leaves, seeds and latex	Cough, cold, asthma [70]
Colchicum luteum	Colchicaceae	Coms	Bronchial diseases [86]
Convolvulus arvensis Linn.	Astraceae	Whole plant	Cough, flu [67]
Conyza bonariensis	Brassicaceae	Whole plants, oil	Bronchial complaints [96]
Conyza canadenisis	Chenopodiaceae	Whole plant	Bronchial catarrh [52]
Cordia dichotoma	Moraceae	Whole plant and fruit	Dry cough [97]
Cordia gharaf Ehrenb.	Oleaceae	Tree fruit	Dry cough [98]
Cordia obliqua Willd.	Anacaediaceae	Fruits	Throat infection, common cold [93]
Cordial dichotoma	Boraginaceae	Leaves	Asthma [99]
Coriandrum sativum	Brassicaceae	Flower, fruit, seeds, leaves, stem	Respiratory tract infection [70]
Coronopus didymus	Brassicaceae	Leaves and tender parts	Asthma, bronchitis [67]
Corydalis ramose	Fumariaceae	Leaves	Cough [100]
Cousinia stocksii C. Winkler	Asteraceae	Gum and roots	Asthma [101]
Cucurbita maxima	Polygonaceae	Seeds	Cough [38]
Cupressus sempervirens	Asteraceae	Fruit and seed	Flu and cold [70]
Cuscuta reflexa	Fabaceae	Whole plant	Cough [70]
Cydonia oblonga Mill	Violaceae	Fruit	Cough [102]
Cymbopogon jawaracusa	Salvadoracea	Whole plant	Respiratory diseases [103]
Cymbopogon jwarancusa	Poaceae	Leaves, flowers and roots	Flu, and cough [82]
Cynodon dactylon	Ranunculaceae	Leaves	Asthma [94]
Cynoglossum lanceolatum	Solanaceae	Whole plant	Bronchitis, Cough [67]
Datura stramonium	Solanaceae	Seeds, flowers, leaf, fruit	Whooping cough [93]
Datura alba	Zygophyllaceae	Leaves and seeds	Asthma [103]
Datura fastuosa L.	Solanaceae	Whole plant	Asthma [70]
Datura innoxia Mill	Euphorbiaceae	Dried leaves, seeds and fruit	Asthma [70]
Datura metel Linn.	Solanaceae	Whole plant	Asthma [70]
Daucus carota	Moraceae	Stem, root, carrot	Asthma, bronchitis [99]
Delphinium brunonianum Royle	Ranunculaceae	Leaves, flower	Cough, asthma [88]
Dendrocalamus strictus	Scrophulariaceae	Leaves	Cough and cold [82]
Desmodium gangeticum	Caesalpiniaceae	Roots	Asthma and cough [45]
Desmostachya bipinnata	Nyctaginaceae	Leaves, root	Asthma [70]
Diospyros lotus L.	Punicaceae	Flower	Cough [104] ]
Dipterygium glaucum	Euphobiaceae	Areal part	Asthma [93]
Dodonaea viscosa	Spaindaceae	Leaves, flowers and seeds	Chest infection [74]
Duchesnea indica	Rosaceae	Aerial parts, fruits	Cough [80]
Echinops echinatus	Capparidaceae	Roots	Cough [78]
Eclipta prostata Linn.	Boraginaceae	Whole plant	Flu [70]
Elaeagnus angustifolia L.	Elaeagnaceae	Fruits	Respiratory problems [70]
Elaeagnus parvifolia	Fabaceae	Shrub	Cough [105]
Emblica officinale Gaerth	Euphorbiaceae	Tree	Cold, cough [44]
Ephedra gerardiana	Ephedraceae	Stem	Respiratory disorders, asthma/breathing problem [84]
Ephedra intermedia	Ephedraceae	Whole plant	Asthma and tuberculosis [70]
Ephedra procera			Cough and asthma [70]
Ephedra ciliata	Ephedraceae	Wholeplant	Chest problems, cough, asthma [84]
Eucalyptus citirodora	Solanaceae	Leaves	Cold, flue, and cough [93]
Eucalyptus globulus Labill	Moraceae	Tree	Flue [70]
Eugenia jambolana	Solanaceae	Bark	Bronchitis, asthma [87]
Euphorbia helioscopia Linn.	Fabaceae	Whole plant	Asthma, bronchitis, cough [60]
Euphorbia tircucalli	Mimosaceae	Juice	Cough, asthma [60]
Euphorbia hirta	Labiatae	Whole plant	Asthma, chronic bronchial [93]
Euphorbia prostate	Fabaceae	Whole plan	Asthma [87]
Euphorbia thymifolia	Salvadoraceae	Whole plant	Bronchial affection, cough and asthma [70]
Evolvulus alsinoides	Euphorbiaceae	Whole plant	Bronchitis [87]
Fagonia bruguieri DC	Zygophyllaceae	Whole plant	Asthma [106]
Fagonia cretica L.	Solanaceae	Whole plant	Antiasthematic, cough [94]
Fagonia indica Burm. F	Amaranthaceae	Whole plant	Asthma [70]
Ferula assa-foetida	Apiaceae	Root, stem and gum resin	Cough, asthma [70]
Ferula narthex Boiss.	Malvaceae	Whole plant	Cough and asthma [70]
Ferula oopoda [Boiss. and Buhse]	Apiaceae	Seeds, leaves and sap	Cough [107]
Ficus benghalensis	Moraceae	Milk of leaves, bark, root	Asthma [70]
Ficus religiosa L.	Papilionaceae	Fruit, leaves	Asthma [78]
Ficus carica L.	Moraceae	Fruit and leaves	Cough [93]
Ficus elastic	Moraceae	Bark, fruits and leaves	Cough, asthma [93]
Ficus lyrata	Molluginaceae	Whole plant	Asthma, cough [70]
Ficus palmate	Moraceae	Fruit, latex	Asthma, cough [70]
Foenicullum vulgare Miller	Papilionaceae	Seed and leaves	Cough, pneumonia [108]
Foeniculum capillacerm	Asteraceae	Seed, root, leaves	Cough, and asthma [45]
Fragaria nubicola	Rosaceae	Root and fruit	Asthma [81]
Fritillaria roylei Hook.	Asteraceae	Herb	Broncho-asthma [103]
Fumaria indica	Fumariaceae	Whole plant	Cough [109]
Gentiana kurrooroyle	Gentianaceae	Flower	Cough [110]
Gentianodes olivieri	Gentianaceae	Whole plant	Cough, chest problems [81]
Gentianodes tianschanica	Gentianaceae	Leaves	Cough [81]
Glossonema varians		Fruit	Cough [111]
Glycyrrhiza glabra	Adiantaceae	Roots	Cough [70]
Grewia optiva	Ranunculacea	Leaves	Cough [59]
Hackelia uncinatum	Ranunculaceae	Flowers	Coughs [103]
Helianthus annuus	Papilionaceae	Flower, root, seed, leaves	Asthma, bronchial [81]
Helianthus tuberosus	Acanthaceae	Tubers	Cough and bronchitis and flu, respiratory diseases [83]
Heliotropium europaeum	Malvaceae	Whole plant	Cough [86]
Heracleum candicans	Apiaceae	Root	Asthma, cough [112]
Hippophae rhamnoides	Elaeagnaceae	Fruit juice	Cough [70]
Hyoscyamus niger Linn.	Zygophyllaceae	Whole plant	Asthma, whooping cough [70]
Hyoscyamus insanus Stocks	Caesalpiniaceae	Whole plant	Anti asthmatic [45]
Inula grantioides	Asteraceae	Whole plant	Asthma [107]
Inula racemosa Hook	Violaceae	Root	Asthma and bronchitis [100]
Ipomea carnea	Malvaceae	Leaves, stem	Asthma [113]
Iris hookeriana	Iriddaceae	Flower	Asthma, cough and bronchitis [68]
Jatropha curcas L.	Malvaceae		Bronchitis [94]
Juglans regia	Euphorbiaceae	Fruits	Asthma [70]
Juniperus excelsa M. B.	Cupressaceae	Seeds and leaves	Chest infection [84]
Justicia adhatoda L.	Alliaceae	Cold	Cough, cold, flu [70]
Lactuca serriola L.	Asteraceae	Whole plant	Whooping cough and asthma [70]
Laepus nigricollis	Bouidugs		Bronchial diseases [62]
Lantana camara	Amaranthaceae	Leaves, root and flowers	Respiratory diseases [48]
Lasiurus scindicus	Poaceae	Stem, leaves	Cough [74]
Lathyrus aphaca L.	Moraceae	Shoot	Hiccough [95]
Launea procumbus	Euphorbiaceae	Whole plant	Cold, flu, cough [57]
Lawsomia alba Lam	Meliaceae	Leaves	Bronchitis [114]
Lawsonia inermis alba	Punicaceae	Powdered leaves, seeds, bark and flowers	Cough, bronchitis [57]
Lemna minor	Convolvulaceae	Whole plant	Cough [115]
Lepidium sativum L.	Fabaceae	Shoot	Cough and cold [95]
Leptadenia pyrotechnica	Brassicaceae	Root, bark and leaves	Asthma [76]
Limeum indicum	Nyctaginaceae	Leaf and stem	Cold [95]
Linum usitatissimum	Papaveraceae	Seed, bark, leaves, flower and Oil	Cough, asthma [52]
Lonicera periclymenum L.	Caprifoliaceae	Leaves and flower	Cough [116]
Lychnis coronaria Lamak	Anacaediaceae	Roots and flowers	Lung troubles [117]
Malva neglecta	Solanaceae	Leaves and stem	Bronchitis, cough [8]
Malva parviflora	Cruciferae	Whole plant	Cough [118]
Malva sylvestris	Myrtaceae	Whole plant	Chronic bronchitis [84]
Malvastrum coromendelianum	Oxalidaceae	Flowers	Coughs [109]
Mangifera indica	Capparaceae	Flowers, leaves, kernel, bark, fruits	Asthma, cough [93]
Marrubium vulgare L.	Umbelliferae	Leaves	Cough [51]
Medicago denticulate	Poaceae	Seeds	Respiratory diseases [119]
Melia azodirachta L.	Salvadoraceae	Root	Lung complaints [120]
Melilotus indica L.	Verbenaceae	Annual herb	Bronchial disorder [109]
Melilotus parviflora	Lamiaceae	Whole plant, seeds	Cold [53]
Mentha longifolia	Labiateae	Leaves	Cough [52]
Mentha royleana Benth.	Lamiaceae	Leaves	Cough and cold [57]
Micromeria biflora	Fabaceae		Colds and coughs [121]
Mimosa pudica L.	Lamiaceae	Roots and leaves	Asthma [122]
Mollugo cerviana	Oxalidaceae	Fruit, stem, leaves	Asthma [75]
Momordica balsamica L.	Moraceae	Fruits	Asthma [103]
Momordica charantia L.	Poaceae	Fruit	Treat cough, bronchitis [123]
Morus alba L.	Solanaceae	Flower, leaves, root, bulb	Cough [120]
Morus nigra L.	Poaceae	Leaves, roots, fruits	Cough [46]
Mukia moderaspatana	Fabaceae	Flower, seeds, stem, leaves	Cough [118]
Murraya koenigii	Rosaceae	Leaves	Asthma [122]
Musa paradisica L.	Amaranthaceae/Chenopodiaceae	Leaves, flower	Whooping cough [103]
Nasturtium officinale R.Br.	Rosaceae	Leaves	Chest troubles [124]
Nepeta praetervisa Rech. F.	Lamiaceae	Leaves	Cold, chest problems [84]
Nigella sativa	Ranunculacea	Seeds	Whooping cough [43]
Nonea edgeworthii	Cucurbitaceae	Leaves	Cough [103]
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.	Asclepidiaceae	Shrub flowers	Cough [73]
Ocimum basilicum	Solanaceae	Leaves and seeds	Bronchitis, cough, cold [52]
Oenothera rosea L.	Lamiaceae		Whooping cough [70]
Olea ferruginea		Leaves	Cough, cold, flue [103]
Onosma hispida	Boraginaceae	Leaves, flower	Cough, respiratory diseases [81]
Onosma bracteatum Wall	Moraceae	Whole plant	Asthma and bronchitis [125]
Opuntia dillenii	Lythraceae	Fruits	Asthma, whooping cough [83]
Opuntia monacantha Haw	Caesalpinaceae	Whole plant	Bronchitis and asthma [126]
Origanum vulgare	Violaceae	Perennial herb	Respiratory problems, colds, flu, asthma [53]
Oryza sativa	Salicaceae	Fruit, leaves, stem	Cold [103]
Oxalis corniculata L.	Ranunculaceae	Leaves	Respiratory disorders like bronchitis, asthma [103]
Oxystelma esculentum	Asclepiadaceae	Fruits	Expectorant, cough [93]
Panicum antidotale Retz	Polygonaceae	Stem, leaves	Cough [103]
Papaver hybridum	Solanaceae	Petals	Flu and cough [86]
Papaver nudicaule L.	Papaveraceae	Herb	Cough [120]
Papaver somniferum L.	Papaveraceae	Seed, fruit	Cough [107]
Peganum harmala	Solanaceae	Seeds, leaves	Asthma [52]
Pennisetum typhoides Burm.	Poaceae	Seeds	Flu and cough [78]
Periploca aphylla	Rhamnaceae	Whole plant	Nasal decongestant [54]
Phalaris minor Retz	Solanaceae	Leaves, stem	Cold, cough [103]
Phoenix dactylifera	Capparaceae	Fruit, gum and seeds	Colds, bronchial catarrh [109]
Phyla nodiflora	Verbenaceae	Whole plant	Cold [93]
Phyllanthus emblica	Liliaceae	Fresh, fruits, seeds, flowers, leaves, bark	Asthma, bronchitis [70]
Picrorhiza kurroa	Scrophulariaceae	Root	Asthma [68]
Pimpinella diversifolia	Asteraceae	Fruit	Cough, cold [103]
Pinus roxburghii	Solanaceae	Areal part	Coughs, cold [44]
Pistacia atlantica	Anacardiaceae	Gum	Cough, Chestproblems [70]
Pistacia integerrima	Rosaceae	Leaf galls	Cough, asthma [70]
Pistacia khinjuk	Anacardiaceae	Fruits	Cough [84]
Plantago lanceolata L.	Plantaginaceae	Leaves and seeds	Cough and chest diseases [70]
Plantago major L.	Punicaceae	Leaves, stem	Asthma, cough [70]
Plantago ovata Forssk	Brassicaceae	Seeds and husk	Cough and cold [101]
Plantago lanceolata	Plantaginaceae	Fresh or dried leaves	Relieving coughs [70]
Polygonum affine	Polygonaceae	Root	Lung disorder [110]
Polygonum hydropiper L.	Polygonaceae	Aerial parts	Respiratory [90]
Populus tremula	Xanthorhoeaceae	Leaves, bark	Cough [74]
Portulaca oleracea	Asteraceae	Aerial part of plant	Asthma [86]
Portulaca quadrifida	Tamaricaceae	Leaves	Cold, flu, Respiratory problems [70]
Potentilla bifurca L.	Rosaceae	Aerial part	Cough [57]
Potentilla salesoviana	Rosaceae	Flower	Cough, cold [57]
Primula veris L.	Primulaceae	Flower	Bronchitis [127]
Prosopis cineraria	Moraceae	Fruit, pods	Asthma [70]
Prosopis juliflora	Asclepidaceae	Xerophytic shrub	Asthma, cough [70]
Prosopis spicigera	Cactaceae	Bark, leaves, flowers	Asthma [109]
Prunella vulgaris L.	Asteraceae		Difficult breathing [70]
Prunus cornuta L.	Elaeagnaceae	Fruit	Asthma [92]
Psammogeton biternatum			Cough [101]
Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum	Asteraceae	Leaves	Asthma/breathing problem [110]
Psidium guajava	Malvaceae	Fruit	Old cough, bronchitis and chronic whooping cough [70]
Punica granatum	Punicaceae	Roots, fruit, rinds	Cough [70]
Pyrus communis L.	Rosaceae	Fruits	Cough [89]
Quercus incana Bartram	Podophyllaceae	Bark and fruits	Asthma/breathing problems [89]
Quercus leucotrichophora	Plantaginaceae	Banafsha	Asthma, cough [128]
Quercus floribunda	Rhamnaceae	Seeds	Asthma [70]
Ranunculus arvensis L.	Acanthaceae	Whole plant	Asthma [22]
Ranunculus muricatus L.	Solanaceae		Asthma [103]
Raphanus sativus L.	Brassicaceae	Whole plant	Asthma [81]
Rheum australe D. Don	Polygonaceae	Roots, rhizomes, stem, leaves	Cough [70]
Rhazya stricta	Asclepiadaceae	Whole plant	Asthma [70, 129]
Rheum emodi	Rosaceae	Floral scape	Cough and flu [38]
Rheum spiciforma Royle	Polygonaceae	Roots	Chronic bronchitis, asthama [70]
Rhodiola imbricate Edgew	Crassulaceae	Root	Cough [110]
Rhus coriaria L.	Apocynaceae	Leaves, flower, root	Cough, asthma [130]
Rhynchosia minima	Mimosaceae	Leaves	Asthma [93]
Ricinus communis	Leporidae	Leaves	Asthma and cough [49]
Rosa damascene	Amaranthaceae		Bronchitis, cough [76]
Rosa indica L.	Solanaceae	Flowers	Asthma [131]
Rosa webbiana	Umbelliferae	Fruits	Asthma [51]
Rubus fruiticosus Hook.	Violaceae		Whooping cough [128]
Rubus ulmifolius	Rosaceae	Leaves	Cough [59]
Rumex crispus L.	Solanaceae		Cough [103]
Rumex dentatus L.	Tamaricaceae	Fruit, stem, leaves	Cold [70]
Rumex hastatus D. Don	Fagaceae	Whole plant	Asthma, cough [130]
Rumex nepalensis Spreng	Polygonaceae	Leaves, roots	Lungs diseases [103]
Saccharum bengalense	Violaceae	Stem	Cough [56]
Salsola baryosma	Amarylliadaceae	Stem, leaves	Cough [74]
Salvadora oleoidesdecne	Apiaceae	Stem, root, oil, seed, leaves, bark	Cough [46]
Salvadora persica L.	Salvadoraceae	Seeds, roots	Cough [107]
Salvia nubicola	Labiateae	Leaves	Cough, asthma and other respiratory issues [81]
Salvia moorcroftiana	Malvaceae	Root	Cough [52]
Salvia officinalis Linn.	Liliaceae	Cough and asthma	Cough, cold [132]
Saussurea atkinsonii	Asteraceae	Aerial parts	Respiratory diseases like asthma, cough [133]
Saussurea ceratocarpa	Asteraceae	Whole plant	Asthma, bronchitis [68]
Scorzonera tortuosissima	Asteraceae	Roots, gum, flower, leaves	Cough and chest problems [107]
Sema alexandriana Miller	Asclepiadaceae	Dried leaves and pods	Asthma [52]
Silybum marianum	Sapindaceae	Leaves	Flu [35]
Sisymbrium irio L.	Brassicaceae	Leaves	Cough [52]
Skimmia laureola	Solanaceae	Leaves	Asthma [128]
Solanum melongena	Adiantaceae	Fruit, leaf, root	Asthma, bronchitis [56]
Solanum surratense	Solanaceae	Berries, root, fruit	Cough, asthma [134]
Solanum tuberosum	Solanaceae	Leaf, flower and tuber	Cough [134]
Solanum nigrum L.	Solanaceae	Leaf, berries, flowers, root	Cough, bronchitis [70]
Solanum incanum L.	Acanthaceae	Leaves, seeds	Bronchitis [52]
Sonchus asper	Leguminosae	Whole plant	Cough, asthma [70]
Spinacia oleraceal	Amarylliadaceae	Leaves	Cough [103]
Sporobolus ioclados	Solanaceae	Stem, leaves	Cough [103]
Stacia integerrima	Scrophulariaceae	Bark and fruit	Bronchial disorder [103]
Stellaria media	Caryophylaceae	Herb	Cough [103]
Suaeda fruiticosa	Fabaceae	Flower, fruit, stem, leaves	Cough [103]
Sussurea lappa	Compositae	Root	Cough with cold [94]
Swertia cordata	Gentianaceae	Flower	Cough [110]
Swertia petiolata	Violaceae		Asthma, bronchitis [70]
Tamarix aphylla	Amaranthaceae	Whole plant	Cough [135]
Tamarix dioica	Acanthaceae	Bark	Cough [136]
Tamarix gallica	Zygophyllacaea	Flower, fruit, stem, leaves	Asthma [58]
Tanacetum senecionis	Asteraceae	Floral parts	Asthma [57]
Taverniera persica	Myrsinaceae	Fruit, seeds, leaves, stem	Cough [74]
Taxus baccata Linn.	Moraceae	Bark	Asthma and bronchitis [100]
Taxus wallichiana Zuce	Scrophulariaceae	Leaves and fruits	Pneumonia, bronchitis, whooping cough, asthma [128]
Tephrosia lupinifolia	Myrtaceae	Roots, leaf, stem bark	Asthma [70]
Thymus linearis	Labiateae	Arial parts	Cough, asthma [128]
Thymus serpyllum L.	Lamiaceae	Dried leaves	Whooping cough, asth ma and respiratory inflammation [70]
Trachyspermum ammi	Malvaceae	Seeds and oil	Bronchitis, asthma and colds, cough [52]
Trianthema portulacastrum L.	Amaranthaceae	Roots	Asthma [70]
Trianthema triquetra	Chenopodiaceae	Flower, fruit, leaves, stem	Asthma [74]
Tribulus longipetalus L.	Amaranthaceae	Stem, leaves, fruit, seeds	Flu [51]
Tribulus terrestris L.	Amaranthacea	Root and fruit	Cough, asthma [70]
Trichodesma africanum	Boraginaceae	Leaves and fruits	Cough and chest problems [107]
Trichodesma indicum	Boraginaceae	Leaves and flowers	Flue and cough [70]
Trifolium resupinatum	Malvaceae	Whole plant	Whooping cough [70]
Trifolium alexandrium	Poaceae	Stem, leaves	Respiratory tract [74]
Trifolium pratense L.	Fabaceae	Dried flowers	Whooping cough, bronchitis and asthma [70]
Trifolium repens	Lamiaceae	Perennial herb	Coughs, colds [70]
Trigonella foenumgraecum	Acanthaceae		Cough [70]
Tussilago farfara L.	Asteraceae	Leaves	Cough, respiratory problems [70]
Tylophora hirsuta L.	Poaceae	Root, leaves	Asthma and whooping cough [70]
Verbascum thapsus L.	Scrophulariaceae	Flowers and leaves	Cough [128]
Vernonia anthelmentica	Asteraceae	Seeds	Cough, chest infection, Pneumonia [76]
Vicia sativa	Primulaceae	Whole plant	Respiratory diseases [70]
Viola serpens	Violaceae	Whole plant	Cold, cough and flu [70]
Viola betonicifolia Sm	Asclepiadaceae	Whole herb and flowers	Lung troubles, cough and colds, bronchitis [70]
Viola biflora L.	Pteridaceae	Flower	Cold and flu [22]
Viola canescens Wall. ex	Violaceae	Floral part	Cough [70]
Viola fedtschenkoana	Violaceae	Whole plant	Cough [22]
Viola odorata L.	Berberidaceae	Whole Plant	Flu and cold [22]
Viola stacksii	Acanthaceae	Whole plant	Cold, cough [70]
Viola sylvatica Fries	Acanthaceae	Dried plant	Cough, and cold [70]
Vitex negundo	Verbenaceae	Leaves	Flu [50]
Vitis vinifera L.	Rhamnaceae	Flowers	Bronchitis [133]
Wattakaka volubilis	Phasianidae	Leaves	Cough, cold and other respiratory problems [70]
Withania coagulans	Meliaceae	Fruit	Cough, asthma [74]
Withania somnifera	Zingerberaceae	Fruit, seeds, leaves, stem, flower	Flu [52]
Zataria multiflora Boiss.	Lamiaceae	Stem and leaves	Cough and chest problems [101]
Zea mays L.	Poaceae		Cough problems [44]
Zaleya pentandra	Aizoaceae	Root	Cough, phlegmatic cough and flue [70]
Zingiber officinalis	Asclepiadaceae	Stem, leaves	Flu [70]
Ziziphus jujube Mill.	Liliaceae	Fruits	Bronchitis [93]
Zizyphus nummularia	Solanaceae	Fruit	Bronchitis [40]
Zizyphus sativa G	Rhamnaceae	Fruit and leaves	Bronchitis [104]

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