Fig. 10

Role of gut-brain axis in TFA ameliorated diabetic brain dysfunction. Under normal settings, gut microbiota was in a stable state and regulate the secretion of neuropeptide (GABA, GLP-1, 5-HT, et al.). Long-term high-fat diet will change the homeostasis of gut microbiota and contribute to cognition dysfunction (steps 1–7). 1 TFA increases the gut microbiota diversity and the number of functional bacteria, 2 restores intestinal homeostasis, 3 reduces oxidative stress, 4 protects the blood–brain barrier and 5 synaptic mitochondrial DNA, thereby 6 and 7 protects brain from damage