Fig. 4

TFA promoted energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis in the hippocampus of high fat diet/STZ induced diabetic mice. A Heatmap displaying the differentially expressed proteins in hippocampus between T2DM vs. NC group, and T2DM + TFA vs. T2DM group. B KEGG pathway analysis of differentially expressed proteins in T2DM + TFA vs. T2DM group. C Network diagram of protein interaction of differential expression protein in T2DM + TFA vs. T2DM group by STRING analysis. D KEGG analysis of oxidative phosphorylation (FDR-p < 0.05) of T2DM vs. NC, or E T2DM + TFA vs. T2DM based on differentially expressed proteins analysis, red column represents upregulation vs. NC group, blue column means downregulation vs. T2DM group. F Differentially expressed proteins in NC, T2DM, and T2DM + TFA group, and G T2DM + TFA vs. T2DM group. H Mitochondrial DNA levels in hippocampus tissue. I Western Blot of mitochondrial proteins in hippocampus tissue. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, vs. NC group; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, vs. T2DM group