Fig. 9

TFA ameliorated mitochondrial function in HT22 cells. A Cell viability analysis of HT22 cells under AGEs or TFA for 24 h or 48 h tested by MTT. B Apoptosis influence of HT22 cells under AGEs tested by AO/EB staining observed under a fluorescence microscopy (magnification: 200), AGEs-L:100 μg/ml, AGEs-H:200 μg/ml. C HT-22 cells viability by MTT assay. D AO/EB staining of HT22 cells under TFA or AGEs treatment, the image was observed by fluorescence microscopy (magnification: 400), L-TFA: 1 μg/ml, M-TFA: 5 μg/ml, H-TFA: 10 μg/ml. E mRNA and F protein expression of BDNF in HT22 cells. G Expression of p-CREB determined by WB. H RAGE mRNA expression tested by Q-PCR. Protein expression of I RAGE and J PSD95 observed by confocal microscopy (magnification: 1200), K density of RAGE and PSD95 was compared based on data of I and J. L Dihydroethidium staining analysis of ROS observed by fluorescence microscopy (magnification: 400) and the intracellular fluorescence intensity was analyzed by Image J. M Mitochondrial copy number tested by Q-PCR. N The content of mitochondrial tested by Mitochondrial Tracker™ deep Red FM (magnification: 1200 and 3200). O Mitochondrial membrane potential assay by JC-1 staining observed under confocal microscope (magnification: 1200). P The proteins expression of PGC-1α, LONP1, p-AMPK/AMPK, and CLpP by WB. Q Red/Green fluorescence ratio analysis was tested for data of O. R Gray density analysis of data P was analysis by Image J. Immunofluorescence analysis of S PGC-1α, T p-AMPK, U AMPK, V LONP1, W CLpP, and X ERβ proteins observed by a laser scanning confocal microscope (magnification: 1200), and Y the protein fluorescence density was analyzed by Image J software. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, vs. vehicle group; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, vs. AGEs group