Skip to main content
Download PDF

Kaempferol pretreatment modulates systemic inflammation and oxidative stress following hemorrhagic shock in mice

Chinese Medicine volume 10, Article number: 6 (2015) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Kaempferol has been reported as beneficial for both acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. This study aims to investigate whether kaempferol affects systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in the heart, lung, and liver after hemorrhagic shock in mice.

Methods

Male C57/BL6 mice underwent hemorrhagic shock (mean arterial pressure of 35 mmHg for 90 min) and were arbitrarily divided into Sham, hemorrhagic shock (HS), and Kae groups (n = 10 in each group). Mice in the Kae groups received a kaempferol (10-mg/kg body weight) injection 12 h prior to (Group Kae PT) or 90 min after (Group Kae T) the initiation of hemorrhagic shock. Plasma proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), organ myeloperoxidase (MPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and organ malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or western blot assay.

Results

Compared with the HS group and the Kae T group, pretreatment with kaempferol significantly decreased proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α (P = 0.012 and 0.015, respectively) and IL-6 (P = 0.023 and 0.014, respectively) following hemorrhagic shock. Kae pretreatment reverted MPO, SOD, and MDA to basal levels in the heart, lung, and liver (Ps < 0.05), while the Kae T group showed no significant differences in these biomarkers compared with the HS group (Ps > 0.05). HO-1 expression was significantly increased in the Kae PT group compared with the other groups (P = 0.011 vs. HS group and P = 0.02 vs. Kae T group).

Conclusions

Pretreatment of hemorrhagic shock mice with kaempferol significantly decreased plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-6; reverted MPO, SOD, and MDA in the heart, lung, and liver; and increased expression of HO-1 in the same organs.

Background

Hemorrhagic shock (HS) is one of the most common causes of deaths related to severe trauma [1,2]. HS is generally characterized by hemodynamic instability with cellular hypoxia and diminishing organ function [3]. Trauma and HS may stimulate a systemic release of endogenous molecules and provoke local and systemic liberation of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-4, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) [4,5]. Thus, severe and developing HS ultimately results in systematic inflammatory response syndrome or multiple organ failure and even death [6]. In addition, oxidative stress is implicated in the high mortality and morbidity of HS [6], and treatment with antioxidative stress agents could improve the outcome of HS [7-9].

Kaempferol is believed to have anti-inflammatory activities. It has been shown to have potential immune-modulatory effects and to interfere with a number of inflammation mechanisms in vitro [10,11]. Kowalski et al. [11] demonstrated that kaempferol blocks expression of both IL-1β and TNF-α in macrophages. Kaempferol significantly prohibits TNF assembly [12], and inhibits IL-2- and IL-4-mediated inflammatory outcomes [12,13]. Although both antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of flavonoids have been previously studied [14,15], the antioxidant or pro-oxidant ability of kaempferol in HS has not been investigated.

This study aims to investigate whether kaempferol affects systematic inflammation and oxidative stress in the heart, lung, and liver after HS in mice.

Methods and materials

Animals

Forty 8–10-week-old specific pathogen-free male C57/BL6 mice weighing 20–25 g were purchased from the Center for Animal Experiment of Wuhan University (Wuhan, Hubei, China). The Research Committee of Wuhan University approved this study (No. 20130037). All experiments were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Animal Use and Care Committee of Wuhan University. Mice were housed individually in cages on a 12-h day/12-h night cycle at 23 − 27°C and had free access to food and water.

Animal model

An HS model was used as previously described [16]. Briefly, animals were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of pentobarbital sodium (50-mg/kg body weight [BW]; Amresco, Cleveland, OH, USA). Cannulation was performed using sterile polyethylene tubing on both right and left femoral arteries. All the catheters and syringes were pretreated with heparinized normal saline (25 IU/mL, Shuanghe, Beijing, China). The right femoral artery cannulation tube was connected with a pressure transducer to the BL-420 F biological signal acquisition system (Chengdu Taineng Ltd., Chengdu, China). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was recorded throughout this experiment. HS was performed by withdrawing blood over a 15-min interval via the left femoral artery cannulation tube. MAP was controlled at 30–40 mmHg for 90 min followed by 15-min fluid resuscitation using an equal volume of normal saline as lost blood. Thereafter, the catheter was removed, the artery ligated, and the skin incision closed. After a recovery phase of 4.5 h, the mice were sacrificed. Blood samples, and heart, lung, and liver tissue were collected for biochemical analysis.

Group distribution

Mice were arbitrarily divided into four groups: (1) a Sham group (n = 10): animals received femoral artery catheterizations without drawing blood; (2) a hemorrhagic shock (HS) group (n = 10): animals underwent HS and received an i.p. injection of 100-μL phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (Boster, Wuhan, China) at the end of the 90-min shock period; (3) a kaempferol pretreatment (Kae PT) group (n = 10): animals received an injection of kaempferol (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) (i.p., 10 mg/kg BW, dissolved in 100 μL of PBS) 12 h prior to the initiation of HS; and (4) a kaempferol treatment (Kae T) group (n = 10): HS animals received a kaempferol injection (i.p., 10 mg/kg BW in 100 μL of PBS) at the end of the shock period (Figure 1).

Figure 1
figure 1

Study protocol. Animals were assigned to Sham (n = 10), HS (n = 10), Kae T (n = 10), and Kae PT (n = 10) groups. The HS group received an injection of 100-μL PBS (i.p.) at the end of the shock period. Kae T and Kae PT groups received an injection of kaempferol (i.p., 10 mg/kg BW, dissolved in 100-μL PBS) 90 min following or 12 h prior to the initiation of HS, respectively. Animals were sacrificed 6 h after the initiation of HS for blood and tissue sample collection.

Full size image

Plasma TNF-α and IL-6 measurements

At the end of the study, blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture. Heparinized blood samples were centrifuged (5415D, Eppendorf, Germany) at 1200 × g for 10 min at 4°C. Thereafter, supernatants were stored at −80°C until measurements. Plasma cytokines including TNF-α (Cat no. MTA00B) and IL-6 (Cat no. M6000B) were measured by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (R&D Systems Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocols.

Myeloperoxidase activity

Fresh heart, lung, and liver tissues were frozen at the end of the study. Tissue was homogenized in a lysis buffer before the determination of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. MPO activity was determined by a commercial ELISA kit (Cat no. LS-F278-1, Biocompare, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocols. Previous studies [16,17] have reported observations of only minor histological changes following HS models. Therefore, we did not perform histological evaluation in this study.

Malondialdehyde levels

Fresh tissue was placed into a 1.5-ml centrifuge tube. RIPA Buffer 250 μL was added with protease inhibitors. Homogenate was then centrifuged at 11000 × g for 10 min at 4°C. The supernatant was used for determining malondialdehyde (MDA) by a commercial kit (Cat no. 10009055, Cayman, Ann Arbor, MI).

Superoxide dismutase activity

The supernatant of homogenate after centrifuge (12,000 × g, 10 min; 5415D, Eppendorf, Germany) was used for detecting superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Tissue SOD activity was measured with a SOD-525TM reagent kit (OXIS International, Foster, CA, USA); the final result was expressed as U/mg protein.

Heme oxygenase-1 expression in organs

Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the main organs after HS. Briefly, 40-μg protein extracts were loaded onto a 10% resolving gel for electrophoresis. Proteins were transblotted onto membranes (Millipore, Temecula, CA, USA). Then, membranes were blocked for 1 h at room temperature. The blot was immune-probed overnight with primary antibodies including HO-1 (1:2000; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) and β-actin (1:1000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA). The blots were incubated with a secondary antibody for 1 h at room temperature. The signals were detected by enhanced chemiluminescene (ECL) and quantified by Photoshop CS6 software (Adobe, USA).

Statistical analysis

Data were processed using the statistical analysis software SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and were expressed as mean ± SD. Comparisons of several means were performed using one-way and repeated measures two-way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey–Kramer test to identify significant differences between groups. All statistical significance tests were two-tailed and P values of less than 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

General characteristics of mice

The general characteristics of animals were shown in Table 1. The average BW and age were similar for all groups. MAP was recorded throughout the experiments. MAP during the HS period (MAP-in-HS) and after fluid resuscitation (MAP-post-HS) was calculated. MAP dramatically decreased after blood withdrawals, and MAP in the HS period was well controlled at 30–40 mmHg. There were no significant differences in MAP-in-HS and MAP-post-HS between the HS, Kae PT, and Kae T groups (HS vs. Kae PT, P = 0.14; Kae PT vs. Kae T, P = 0.32; HS vs. Kae T, P = 0.10). However, both MAP-in-HS and MAP-post-HS were significantly higher in the Sham group than in the HS, Kae PT, and Kae T groups (MAP-in-HS: P = 0.001, 0.002, and 0.001, respectively and MAP-post-HS: P = 0.012, 0.011, and 0.036, respectively).

Table 1 General characteristics in all groups (mean ± SD)
Full size table

Measurements of plasma cytokines

Compared with the Sham group, the plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly increased after HS in the HS (P = 0.001), Kae PT (P = 0.001), and Kae T (P = 0.0034) groups (Figure 2). The i.p. injection of kaempferol 12 h prior to the initiation of HS inhibited the release of both TNF-α (P = 0.012 vs. HS; P = 0.015 vs. Kae T) and IL-6 (P = 0.023 vs. HS; P = 0.014 vs. Kae T), while the injection of kaempferol 90 min following HS affected neither the plasma TNF-α nor the IL-6 levels.

Figure 2
figure 2

Changes of plasma TNF-α (A) and IL-6 (B) in all groups. Both TNF-α and IL-6 significantly increased after HS. Pretreatment with kaempferol reverted these two cytokines to basal levels. Compared with the other groups, # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01.

Full size image

Organ inflammation

The MPO activities were measured in the heart, lung, and liver (Figure 3). Elevated cardiac, pulmonary, and hepatic MPO activities were observed after HS in the HS, Kae PT, and Kae T groups. There was no significant difference in MPO activity between the HS and Kae T groups (P = 0.34, 0.19, and 0.074 in the heart, lung, and liver, respectively). However, the MPO activity was significantly decreased in the Kae PT group compared with the HS and Kae T groups (heart: P = 0.018 and 0.01; lung: P = 0.024 and 0.017; liver: P = 0.011 and 0.031, respectively).

Figure 3
figure 3

MPO activities in heart (A), lung (B), and liver (C). Elevated MPO activities were observed in the heart, lung, and liver after HS. MPO activity in the Kae PT group was significantly decreased compared with the HS and Kae T groups. Compared with the other groups, # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01.

Full size image

Organ oxidative response

We evaluated the MDA levels and SOD activities in the heart, lung, and liver to investigate the effects of kaempferol on oxidative response following HS. As seen in Figure 4, MDA levels were significantly higher in the HS groups than in the Sham group (P = 0.001, 0.016, and 0.011 in the heart, lung, and liver, respectively), while SOD activities were decreased in the HS groups compared with the Sham group (P = 0.001, 0.023, and 0.010 in the heart, lung, and liver, respectively). The injection of kaempferol following HS (Kae T) showed no effects on MDA levels in the heart (P = 0.34), lung (P = 0.43), and liver (P = 0.11) and on SOD activities in the heart (P = 0.16), lung (P = 0.37), and liver (P = 0.25) compared with the HS group. However, the injection of kaempferol 12 h prior to the induction of HS resulted in decreased MDA levels (P = 0.012, 0.001, and 0.002, respectively) and increased SOD activities (P = 0.032, 0.024, and 0.004, respectively) compared with the HS group in the heart, lung, and liver.

Figure 4
figure 4

Organ oxidative response after HS in all groups. MDA levels (A) in the heart, lung, and liver were significantly increased, while SOD activities (B) were significantly decreased in all experimental groups after HS. Injection with kaempferol 12 h prior to the initiation of HS resulted in a significant decrease of MDA levels and increase of SOD activities. Compared with the other groups, # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01. Compared with the HS group or Kae T group, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.

Full size image

Expression of HO-1 in the heart, lung, and liver

This study found evidence of HO-1 expression in the main organs including the heart, lung, and liver. As seen in Figure 5, HO-1 expression was insignificantly increased in the heart, lung, and liver in the HS group compared with the Sham group (P = 0.37, 0.22, and 0.19, respectively). The injection of kaempferol following HS showed no effects on HO-1 expression in organs including the heart (P = 0.063), lung (P = 0.21), and liver (P = 0.37) after HS, while the injection of kaempferol 12 h prior to the induction of HS resulted in significantly increased expression of HO-1 in the heart (P < 0.001), lung (P = 0.001), and liver (P < 0.001) compared with the HS group.

Figure 5
figure 5

HO-1 expression in heart, lung, and liver after HS. A, Western blot assay for HO-1 expression; B, relative density (HO-1/β-actin). Injection with kaempferol 12 h prior to the initiation of HS resulted in a significant increase of HO-1 expression in the heart, lung, and liver. Compared with the other groups, **P < 0.01.

Full size image

Discussion

In this study, we investigated the protective effects of kaempferol in HS in mice. The injection of kaempferol prior to the initiation of HS significantly decreased serum proinflammatory cytokines and organ inflammation. Moreover, kaempferol showed its antioxidant ability through inhibiting MDA expression and promoting SOD activities in the heart, lung, and liver.

HS and subsequent ischemia/reperfusion injury are associated with oxidative stress in organs [18,19], and it has been proposed that this generated oxidative stress is a fundamental mechanism of organ damage in HS [20]. Oxygen-free radicals are involved in HS and subsequent resuscitation [21]. Wu et al. [22] confirmed that HS and resuscitation induced significant oxidation in rat lungs, while Panteli et al. [23] reported that the oxidative state of the kidneys remained unaffected after HS. Treatment with antioxidant agents after HS reduced organ oxidative stress and led to a better outcome. Antioxidant therapy with Tempol, a membrane-permeable radical scavenger, improved outcome after HS in rats [24]. In our study, HS and resuscitation induced significant oxidative stress in the heart, lung, and liver, but pretreatment with kaempferol decreased oxidative stress in these organs.

Oxidative stress in HS induces the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), which triggers an inflammatory cascade during acute hemorrhage, and leads to an overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines [25-27]. Moreover, oxidative stress during HS can induce accumulation and activation of neutrophils and subsequent increases in concentrations of inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α and IL-6, in organs [28,29]. The TNF-α and IL-6 plasma levels were significantly increased after HS in our study. In addition, the i.p. injection of kaempferol at a single dose 12 h prior to the initiation of HS was associated with significantly decreased organ inflammation. This finding was possibly a consequence of the reduced systemic inflammatory response observed in our experiment. One previous study found that the activation of NF-κB could be attenuated by treatment with kaempferol [30]. Therefore, its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant abilities in this study were possibly associated with the inhibition of NF-κB expressions after HS.

Modulation of HO-1, also known as heat shock protein 32, is a promising approach to the attenuation of organ damage [31]. HO-1 is a stress-inducible protein, and its overexpression protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury [32]. Up-regulation of HO-1 could lead to remarkable cytoprotective effects and attenuate organ damage after HS [33]. In addition, kaempferol protected cells against apoptosis via inductions of HO-1 expression [34]. In this study, kaempferol pretreatment resulted in significantly higher levels of HO-1 in major organs including the heart, lung, and liver. Future studies are needed to investigate whether kaempferol also exerts its protective effects via the up-regulation of HO-1 in tissues after HS.

Conclusions

Pretreatment with kaempferol of HS mice significantly decreased plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-6; reverted MPO, SOD, and MDA in the heart, lung, and liver; and increased expression of HO-1 in the same organs.

Abbreviations

BW:

Body weight

ECL:

Enhanced chemiluminescene

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

HS:

Hemorrhagic shock

HO-1:

Heme oxygenase-1

IL-1β:

Interleukin-1 beta

IP:

Intraperitoneal

MAP:

Mean arterial pressure

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MPO:

Myeloperoxidase

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor-kappa B

PBS:

Phosphate-buffered saline

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

References

  1. Krug EG, Sharma GK, Lozano R. Global burden of injuries. Am J Public Health. 2000;90:523–6.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Pfeifer R, Tarkin IS, Rocos B, Pape HC. Patterns of mortality and causes of death in polytrauma patients-has anything changed? Injury. 2009;40:907–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Peitzman AB, Billiar TR, Harbrecht BG, Kelly E, Udekwu AO, Simmons RL. Hemorrhagic shock. Curr Probl Surg. 1995;32:925–1002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Piccinini AM, Midwood KS. DAMPening Inflammation by Modulating TLR Signalling. Mediators Inflamm. 2010;2010:672395.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Arslan F, Keogh B, McGuirk P, Parker AE. TLR2 and TLR4 in ischemia reperfusion injury. Mediators Inflamm. 2010;2010:704202.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Chai W, Wang Y, Lin JY, Sun XD, Yao LN, Yang YH, et al. Exogenous hydrogen sulfide protects against traumatic hemorrhagic shock via attenuation of oxidative stress. J Surg Res. 2012;176:210–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Rixen D, Siegel JH. Bench-to-bedside review: Oxygen debt and its metabolic correlates as quantifiers of the severity of hemorrhagic and posttraumatic shock. Crit Care. 2005;9:441–53.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Kan WH, Hsieh CH, Schwacha MG, Choudhry MA, Raju R, Bland KI, et al. Flutamide protects against trauma-hemorrhage-induced liver injury via attenuation of the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. J Appl Physiol. 2008;105:595–602.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hildebrand F, Hubbard WJ, Choudhry MA, Frink M, Pape HC, Kunkel SL, et al. Kupffer cells and their mediators: The culprits in producing distant organ damage after trauma-hemorrhage. Am J Pathol. 2006;169:784–94.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Park MY, Ji GE, Sung MK. Dietary kaempferol suppresses inflammation of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57:355–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kowalski J, Samojedny A, Paul M, Pietsz G, Wilczok T. Effect of apigenin, kaempferol and resveratrol on the expression of interleukin-1b and tumor necrosis factor-a genes in J774.2 macrophages. Pharmacol Rep. 2005;57:390–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Chen AY, Chen YC. A review of the dietary flavonoid, kaempferol on human health and cancer chemoprevention. Food Chem. 2013;138:2099–107.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Cortes JR, Perez-G M, Rivas MD, Zamorano J. Kaempferol inhibits IL-4-induced STAT6 activation by specifically targeting JAK3. J Immunol. 2007;179:3881–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. De Groot H, Rauen U. Tissue injury by reactive oxygen species and the protective effects of flavonoids. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 1998;12:249–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Sergediene E, Jönsson K, Szymusiak H, Tyrakowska B, Rietjens IM. Cenas. Pro-oxidant toxicity of polyphenolic antioxidants to HL-60 cells description of quantitative structure activity relationships. FEBS Lett. 1999;462:392–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kobbe P, Lichte P, Schreiber H, Reiss LK, Uhlig S, Pape HC, et al. Inhalative IL-10 attenuates pulmonary inflammation following hemorrhagic shock without major alterations of the systemic inflammatory response. Mediators Inflamm. 2012;2012:512974.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Pfeifer R, Lichte P, Schreiber H, Sellei RM, Schmidt J, Dombroski D, et al. Inhalative vs. systemic IL-10 administration: Differences in the systemic inflammatory response and end-organ inflammation following hemorrhagic shock. Cytokine+. 2012;60:266–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Jaeschke H, Farhood A. Neutrophil and Kupffer cell-induced oxidant stress and ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat liver. Am J Physiol. 1991;260:G355–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Menezes J, Hierholzer C, Watkins SC, Lyons V, Peitzman AB, Billiar TR, et al. A novel nitric oxide scavenger decreases liver injury and improves survival after hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol. 1999;277:G144–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Jarrar D, Wang P, Cioffi WG, Bland KI, Chaudry IH. Critical role of oxygen radicals in the initiation of hepatic depression after trauma hemorrhage. J Trauma. 2000;49:879–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Broechner AC, Toft P. Pathophysiology of the systemic inflammatory response after major accidental trauma. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2009;17:43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Wu BG, Peng TC, Tsai PS, Wang TY, Jeng MJ, Huang CJ. High-lipid enteral nutrition could partially mitigate inflammation but not lung injury in hemorrhagic shock rats. J Surg Res. 2013;184:997–1005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Panteli ES, Fligou F, Papamichail C, Papapostolou I, Zervoudakis G, Georgiou CD, et al. Quantification of superoxide radical production in 4 vital organs of rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30:476–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kentner R, Safar P, Behringer W, Wu X, Kagan VE, Tyurina YY, et al. Early Antioxidant Therapy with Tempol during Hemorrhagic Shock Increases Survival in Rats. J Trauma. 2002;53:968–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Altavilla D, Saitta A, Guarini S, Galeano M, Squadrito G, Cucinotta D, et al. Oxidative stress causes nuclear factor-kappaB activation in acute hypovolemic hemorrhagic shock. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001;30:1055–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Blackwell TS, Christman JW. The role of nuclear factor-kappa B in cytokine gene regulation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1997;17:3–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Guarini S, Altavilla D, Cainazzo MM, Giuliani D, Bigiani A, Marini H, et al. Efferent vagal fibre stimulation blunts NF-kB activation and protects against hypovolemic hemorrhagic shock. Circulation. 2003;107:1189–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Tasoulis MK, Livaditi O, Stamatakos M, Stefanaki C, Paneris P, Prigouris P, et al. High concentrations of reactive oxygen species in the BAL fluid are correlated with lung injury in rabbits after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2009;219:193–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Shenkar R, Abraham E. Mechanisms of lung neutrophil activation after hemorrhage or endotoxemia: roles of reactive oxygen intermediates, NF-kappa B, and cyclic AMP response element binding protein. J Immunol. 1999;163:954–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Crespo I, García-Mediavilla MV, Gutiérrez B, Sánchez-Campos S, Tuñón MJ, González-Gallego J. A comparison of the effects of kaempferol and quercetin on cytokine-induced pro-inflammatory status of cultured human endothelial cells. Br J Nutr. 2008;100:968–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Nakao A, Kaczorowski DJ, Sugimoto R, Billiar TR, McCurry KR. Application of Heme Oxygenase-1, Carbon Monoxide and Biliverdin for the Prevention of Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2008;42:78–88.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Gueler F, Park JK, Rong S, Kirsch T, Lindschau C, Zheng W, et al. Statins attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury by inducing heme oxygenase-1 in infiltrating macrophages. Am J Pathol. 2007;170:1192–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Lu YQ, Gu LH, Jiang JK, Mou HZ. Effect of hypertonic versus isotonic saline resuscitation on heme oxygenase-1 expression in visceral organs following hemorrhagic shock in rats. Biomed Environ Sci. 2013;26:684–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Gao SS, Choi BM, Chen XY, Zhu RZ, Kim Y, So H, et al. Kaempferol suppresses cisplatin-induced apoptosis via inductions of heme oxygenase-1 and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit in HEI-OC1 cell. Pharm Res. 2010;27:235–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Emergency Diagnostic & Therapeutic Center of Central China (Wuhan, Hubei, China).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China

    Qi-Sheng Yang, Xian-Long Zhou, Yan Zhao, Jun Shen, Peng Xu & Shao-Zhou Ni

  2. Department of Anesthesiology, Tong Cheng Hospital, Tongcheng, Hubei, 437400, China

    Li-Ping He

Authors
  1. Qi-Sheng Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Li-Ping He
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Xian-Long Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yan Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jun Shen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Peng Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Shao-Zhou Ni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yan Zhao.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

YZ and QSY conceived and designed the study. ZXL, LPH, JS, PX, and SZN carried out the study and the data analysis. QSY and XLZ wrote and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Rights and permissions

Open Access  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yang, QS., He, LP., Zhou, XL. et al. Kaempferol pretreatment modulates systemic inflammation and oxidative stress following hemorrhagic shock in mice. Chin Med 10, 6 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-015-0035-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-015-0035-z

Keywords

Chinese Medicine

ISSN: 1749-8546

Contact us