Skip to main content
Download PDF

The potential insights of Traditional Chinese Medicine on treatment of COVID-19

Chinese Medicine volume 15, Article number: 51 (2020) Cite this article

Abstract

Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) broke out in 2019 and spread rapidly around the world. There is still no specific antiviral therapy to the current pandemic. In China, historical records show that Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is effective in prevention and enhancing the resistance to pandemic with unique insights. To fight with COVID-19, National Health and Commission of PRC has recommended some TCM in the guideline, such as HuoxiangZhengqi, LianhuaQingwen ShufengJiedu and XueBijing, and actually displayed a remarkable effect in clinical treatment strategic for COVID-19. We review studies to provide an in-depth understanding into the effect of TCM, and also introduce the possible mechanism involved in COVID-19 treatment.

Background

Currently, the disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was named Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), have been spread around the world with over 2,430,000 confirmed cases and nearly 160,000 deaths (up to 21 April). Notably, the situation is getting worse and worse.

By comparing the infection patterns of coronavirus hosts in other vertebrates, SARS-CoV-2 was found to be similar to those of SARS-CoV and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 could also be transmitted among humans. It can infect human cells by utilizing human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor. Clinical presentation of COVID-19 is fever, fatigue, and dry cough and some patients show with nasal congestion, runny nose, inappetence, diarrhea and pneumonia on computed tomography (CT). Some severe cases can rapidly develop into acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), refractory metabolic acidosis, septic shock, and coagulation dysfunction [1].

Unfortunately, there is no current any specific antiviral treatment for patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. According to the experiences in the SARS treatment, National Health Commission (NHC) of the PRC recommended TCM as strategies for COVID-19 treatment. From the current results, TCM has exhibited positive effects in combating with COVID-19. This article reviews focuses on the effects of 4 TCM in COVID-19 treatment: HuoxiangZhengqi, LianhuaQingwen, ShufengJiedu and XueBijing, and summarize the mechanism of these drugs on COVID-19, to provide a deeper insight of therapeutic benefits of these TCM.

HuoxiangZhengqi ameliorate symptoms through anti-inflammatory effects

HuoxiangZhengqi (HXZQ) formula contains almost ten Chinese herbs. It is applied to traditional syndrome differentiation for cold, fever, nausea and vomiting, abdominal distension, diarrhea, also showed good effects in pediatric in dyspepsia to achieve the harmony inside and outside, the efficacy of antiemetic diarrhea. In NHC guidelines, HXZQ was recommended for clinical features with aversion to cold with no sweating, headache, full chest diaphragm, urine frequency, yellow urine, etc.

According to the report from COVID-19 patients, the rise of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was said to be related to lung cell damage and systemic symptoms [1]. In SARS treatment, HXZQ showed good effects in improving CK, LDH and oxygenation indexes [2]. It implied that HXZQ could improve oxygenation indexes and systemic symptoms through down-regulating the level of CK and LDH, might be a possible mechanism in treating COVID-19.

COVID-19 could cause strongly immune reaction. COVID-19 patients showed that in the peripheral blood inflammatory cytokines such as, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 and Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) increased and CD4+, CD8+, CD16+, CD19+ and CD45+ T cells were decreased [3], but an increase in Th17 cell proportion [4]. In animal model, HXZQ could regulate CD4+ and CD8+ cells and suppression on TNF-α level [5]. It indicates that HXZQ have the function of anti-inflammation and immune regulation in COVID-19 through suppress inflammatory factors and regulate immune response. In studies based on network pharmacology and molecular docking, researchers found that the core compounds of HXZQ such as quercetin, isorhamnetin, irisolidone, have a stronger binding ability to SARS-CoV-2 3CL (Mpro) than that of remdesivir with COVID-19. They could combine with ACE2 binding to PI3K-Akt signaling pathway to affect viral replication, thus exerting therapeutic effect on COVID-19. Which is worthy of further research and helps to provide theoretical guidance [6].

LianhuaQingwen protect lung from pneumonia via inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines production

LianhuaQingwen (LHQW) formula is composed of 13 Chinese herbs, which was approved in the SARS treatment in 2003. It has become an effective treatment for SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, H1N1, H3N2, and H7N9. Analysis of COVID-19 treatment with LHQW indicate that LHQW could significantly relieve clinical symptoms in patients with fever, weakness, cough and reduce the course of the COVID-19 [7]. The molecular docking results showed that the key components are kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin, glycyrrhetinic acid, stigmasterol, indigo had good binding ability with SARS-CoV-2 3CL (Mpro) and ACE2, acts on COVID-19 through multiple components, multiple targets, and multiple pathways [8].

Lung, which is the target organ of COVID-19, according to the TCM theory, “damp and toxin plague” is the main cause of COVID-19 etiology, even cause fatal pneumonia. Increasing evidence points out that cytokine storm displays a key role in causing fatal pneumonia [9]. In pulmonary oxidative lesions models, LHQW could significantly reduce pathological changes, including alveolar septum thickening, capillary congestion, interstitial edema, peripheral bronchial lymphocyte infiltration and neutrophils, the mechanism might be related to the levels of malonaldehyde, LDH, glutathione peroxidase, and super oxide dismutase were regulated by LHQW, which play significant role in pathogenesis of lung injury [10]. LHQW could inhibits the replication of SARS-COV-2 in vitro, and significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines production (IL-6, TNF-α), which might mediate strong immune response or even cytokine storm [11].

In children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, after treatment with LHQW, the CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cell subsets in patients were significantly altered, and IL-6, c-reactive protein (CRP) in serum and procalcitonin (PCT) levels significantly reduced [12]. In COVID-19 patients treat with LHQW, the total effective rate was 74.55%, and 28 patients were cured after 3 days. After 7 days of treatment, the total effective rate was 92.73% and 39 patients were totally cured, main symptoms patients experienced including fever, cough, fatigue and chest tightness were significantly reduced [7].

ShufengJiedu act on COVID-19 through multiple targets and multiple inflammatory signaling pathways

The main components of ShufengJiedu (SFJD) are polygonum cuspidatum, forsythia, radix isatidis, bupleurum root, rhizoma corydalis, verbena, reed root, liquorice. Previous research suggested that SFJD can alleviate the clinical symptoms of patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AECOPD) and shorten the hospitalization time [13]. SFJD not only had the function of inhibiting virus proliferation and anti-inflammatory, but also has certain immune regulation function. Whatever in vivo or vitro, SFJD had a function of inhibiting airway inflammatory responses via regulating NLRP3 inflammasome and then down-regulating the level of IL-18 and IL-1β which similar to these effects of oseltamivir [14].

SFJD combined with western medicine treatment in COVID-19 have been gained significant improvement in pneumonia associated symptoms [15]. The combination of SFJD and Arbidol was better than Arbidol alone in the treatment of COVID-19, which could significantly shorten the symptoms improvement time and negative conversion time of the clinical patients [16]. In deeper studies, after SFJD treatment, partial pressure of oxygen in lung tissue increased, the level of lactic acid decreased, inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were inhibited [17]. Latest molecular docking results showed that quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, these core compounds in SFJD had high affinity with target proteins. Similar to LHQW, these chemical compounds involved a variety of biological processes and pathways to treat COVID-19 by combining with key target proteins IL-6, ALB, and MAPK3, which supported the clinical application with COVID-19 [18].

XueBijing injection reduce multiple organ damage caused by COVID-19 through anti-inflammation and improving immune function

With the approving for marketing in 2004 by Chinese authorities, Xuebijing (XBJ) injection has been used in H1N1, H7N9, dengue fever, MERS as well as ebola. From previous report, XBJ could antagonize endotoxin, anti-inflammation, improving immune function and microcirculation, and regulating coagulation disorders [19, 20]. COVID-19 patients often occur respiratory distress, coagulation disorders and microcirculation disorders, especially in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome or/and multiple organ failure, timely use of XBJ can effectively reverse the situation and reduce the fatality. Currently, Chinese researchers are now conducting a prospective analysis of the clinical efficacy of XBJ on COVID-19. Hydroxysafflor yellow A, chlorogenic acid and salvianolic acid B were major compositions in XBJ by molecular docking [21], through “multi-component, multi-target, multi-pathway” to play the role of anti-inflammatory, vascular endothelial protection and immunity. XBJ could inhibit inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17 and TNF-α [22]. By increasing the Th1/Th2 ratio, XBJ injection could improve the proportion of Th1 cells in septic rats [23], promote the apoptosis of CD4+ CD25+ T cells (Tregs) [24, 25], and further improve the immune function.

Potential mechanism of 4 TCM in COVID-19 treatment

To date, NHC has issued 7 editions guidelines of diagnosis and treatment for COVID-19. In each edition, TCM has been recommended for COVID-19 treatment based on different stage and symptom differentiation. TCM has shown good effects in combating with COVID-19, early intervention of TCM in COVID-19 treatment could increase cure rate, shorten disease course and reduce mortality cases. According to the guidelines, 4 TCM in this paper and main ingredients and traditional indications versus COVID-19 are as follow (Tables 1, 2).

Table 1 4 TCM recommended by guidelines of treatment for COVID-19
Full size table
Table 2 Main ingredients and traditional indications versus COVID-19
Full size table

So far as we know, COVID-19 could cause mortal systemic complication with strongly immune response or cytokine storm, further cause multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), which is the main cause of mortality in COVID-19 (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Pathogenesis of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 is binding to ACE2 receptor via infecting epithelial cell, with the activation of immune cell, they release a large number of cytokines, and then produce cytokine storm, resulting in MODS

Full size image

TCM can regulate the inflammatory response of the body through “multi-component, multi-target, multi-pathway” to improve the immunity of the body, so as to ameliorate symptoms, prevent complications, and achieve indirect suppression of the virus. Through the prediction of molecular docking, major chemical constituents and possible targets of 4 TCM in COVID-19 were found (Table 3). According to the analysis and illumination from the latest literatures, we summarized possible mechanism and related targets of LHQW in treating with COVID-19 and showed it in Fig. 2.

Table 3 Major chemical constituents and possible targets of TCM in COVID-19
Full size table
Fig. 2
figure 2

Mechanism of LHQW in treating with COVID-19. LHQW exhibit functions on COVID-19 via “multi-component, multi-target, multi-pathway”. Firstly, major chemical constituents in LHQW could combine with SARS-CoV-2 3CL (Mpro), inhibiting the SARS-COV-2 replication. Secondly, there is an imbalance of ACE-Ang-II and ACE2-Ang-(1-7), which can lead to overwhelming pro-inflammatory cytokines with cytokine storm, LHQW could regulate balance. Thirdly, LHQW could regulate immune-related signal pathway (MAPK, NF-κB, PI3K-AKT, ect), reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Full size image

Conclusion

With the emergence of COVID-19, three cases of zoonotic coronavirus disease have been identified in this century. However, COVID-19 has caused more deaths to date than SARS and MERS. Accumulated experiences from thousands of years in the treatment of epidemic, TCM is worth learning. TCM has holistic therapy theory, it could balance Yin and Yang, enhancing human body resistance to eliminate epidemic factors. That’s why China government recommended TCM in combating COVID-19 timely.

Although, laboratory studies on the effect of TCM are far behind the clinical application in COVID-19 treatment, further studies in molecular mechanisms are expected to clarify the effect of TCM on COVID-19. In this study, combining with the latest research, this work highlights the prospect of therapeutic effects and mechanism of 4 TCM in COVID-19 treatment. The therapeutic effects of 4 TCM in COVID-19 potentially focus on: anti-inflammatory, inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production and cut off cytokine storm, regulating immune response, protecting organ damage. By the continuing expansion of this pandemic, we anticipate more and more good messages about anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of TCM will be discovered to benefit with COVID-19 patients and finally overcome the current epidemic around the corner.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

COVID-19:

Corona virus disease 2019

TCM:

Traditional Chinese Medicine

CT:

Computed tomography

ARDS:

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

SARS-CoV-2:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

ACE2:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

MERS-CoV:

Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus

NHC:

National health commission

HXZQ:

HuoxiangZhengqi

CK:

Creatine kinase

LDH:

Lactate dehydrogenase

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor α

LHQW:

LianhuaQingwen

IL:

Interleukin

CRP:

c-reactive protein

PCT:

Procalcitonin

SFJD:

ShufengJiedu

AECOPD:

Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

ERK:

Extracellular regulated protein kinases

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor-β

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor-κb

MAPK:

Mitogen activated protein kinase

XBJ:

Xuebijing

PI3K-AKT:

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase protein kinase B

PTGS2:

Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2

HSP90AB1:

Heat shock protein 90 kDa alpha B1

CAMSAP2:

Calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated proteins 2

HIF:

Hypoxia inducible factor

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

References

  1. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Li H, Lu CZ, Tang KC. Clinical observation on treatment of SARS with combination of chaihu droplet pill and huoxiangzhengqi droplet pill. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2004;24:321–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Zhang Z, Li X, Zhang W, Shi ZL, Zheng Z, Wang T. Clinical features and treatment of 2019-nCov pneumonia patients in Wuhan: report of a couple cases. Virol Sin. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-020-00203-8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):420–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. He YH, Zhao HY, Liu ZL, Lu C, Luo XJ, Lin SQ, et al. Effects of huoxiangzhengqi liquid on enteric mucosal immune responses in mice with Bacillus dysenteriae and Salmonella typhimurium induced diarrhea. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(45):7346–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Deng YJ, Liu BW, He ZX, Liu T, Zheng RL, Yang AD, et al. Study on active compounds from Huoxiang Zhengqi Oral Liquid for prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. Chin Tradit Herbal Drugs. 2020;51(5):1113–22.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Cheng DZ, Li Y. Clinical effectiveness and case analysis in 54 NCP patients treated with Lianhuaqingwen granules. World Chin Med. 2020;15(2):150–4.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ling XY, Tao JL, Sun X, Yuan B. Exploring material basis and mechanism of Lianhua Qingwen prescription against coronavirus based on network pharmacology. Chin Tradit Herbal Drugs. 2020;51(7):1723–30.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Zhang C, Wu Z, Li JW, Zhao H, Wang GQ. The cytokine release syndrome (CRS) of severe COVID-19 and Interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) antagonist Tocilizumab may be the key to reduce the mortality. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105954.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Lin L, Dai F, Ren G, Wei J, Chen Z, Tang X. Efficacy of lianhuaqingwen granules in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps. Am J Otolaryngol. 2020;41(1):102311.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Li RF, Hou YL, Huang JC, Pan WQ, Ma QH, Shi YX, et al. Lianhuaqingwen exerts anti-viral and anti-inflammatory activity against novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Pharmacol Res. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104761.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Lin Q, Liao CX, Wei XH, Chen SY, Qian HJ. Therapeutic effect of LianhuaQingwen granule combined with sequential therapy of azithromycin on children mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia complicated with atelectasis and its effect on T lymphocyte subsets and inflammatory factors. Mod J of Integrated Tradi Chin Western Med. 2019;28(2):153–8.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Yao X, Cao LF, Yang J, Yao MX, Zhao L. Curative effect evaluation of ShufengJiedu Capsules for the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. China J Tradit Chin Med Pharm. 2017;32(1):347–50.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ji S, Bai Q, Wu X, Zhang DW, Wang S, Shen JL, et al. Unique synergistic antiviral effects of ShufengJiedu Capsule and oseltamivir in influenza a viral-induced acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;121:109652.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Wang Z, Chen X, Lu Y, Chen F, Zhang W. Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment. Biosci Trends. 2020;14(1):64–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Qu XK, Hao SL, Ma JH, Wei GY, Song KY, Tang C, et al. Observation on clinical effect of Shufeng Jiedu Capsule combined with Arbidol Hydrochloride Capsule in treatment of COVID-19. Chin Tradit Herbal Drugs. 2020;51(5):1167–70.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Tao Z, Gao J, Zhang G, Xue M, Yang W, Tong C, et al. ShufengJiedu capsule protect against acute lung injury by suppressing the MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Biosci Trends. 2014;8(1):45–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Shen F, Fu ZY, Wu YR, Kuang GY, Li L, Zhu KM, et al. The potential targets and mechanisms of Shufeng Jiedu Capsule for novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. Guiding J Tradit Chin Med Pharm. 2020;26(5):8–15.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Duan LM, Ning CZ. Observation curative effect of Xuebijing injection synergisticin treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. China Contin Med Educ. 2015;7(31):219–20.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Peng YQ, Mao YM, Zhu JQ, Chen H, Qiu XL, Jiang JH, et al. A clinical study of short-term Xuebijing injection on treatment of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chin J Integrated Tradit West Med Intensive Crit Care. 2008;15(3):178–80.

    Google Scholar 

  21. He TM, Duan CC, Li XF, Zhang JY. Potential mechanism of Xuebijing injection in treatment of coronavirus pneumonia based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. Chin J Mod Appl Pharm. 2020;37(4):398–405.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Sun MJ, Tu YR, OuYang HZ, Chang YX, He J. Effect of treatment with Xuebijing injection and its pharmacokinetics markers on serum inflammatory factor indude TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 in rats with sepsis. J Tianjin Univ Tradi Chin Med. 2018;37(1):13–5.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Zhang SW, Sun CD, Wen Y, Yin CH. Effect of treatment with Xuebijing injection on serum inflammatory mediators and Th1/2 of spleen in rats with sepsis. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 2006;18(11):673–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Dai XG, Yao YM, Ai YH. Effect of apoptosis of CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T lymphocytes on polarization of helper T lymphocytes and potential interventional influence of Xuebijing injectionin septic rats. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 2009;21(3):135–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Dai XG, Yao YM, Ai YH. Effect of Xuebijing injection on lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis of CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells and immune function of effector T cells in vitro. Chin J Emerg Med. 2009;18(9):932–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dr. Xiao-Jun Feng and Lei Zhang for providing language help and writing assistance.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81803602) and research project commissioned by the Department of Pharmaceutical Administration of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China in 2018 (Grant No.: Pharmaceutical Administration [2018] No.2: A study on the commonality of drug use list of medical institutions at all levels).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Tong Tong and Ying-Qi Wu contributed equally to this work

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China

    Tong Tong, Ying-Qi Wu, Wei-Jian Ni, Ai-Zong Shen & Sheng Liu

Authors
  1. Tong Tong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ying-Qi Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Wei-Jian Ni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ai-Zong Shen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sheng Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

AS and SL designed the ideas; WN helped TT to collect and deal with the information; TT and YW wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Ai-Zong Shen or Sheng Liu.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tong, T., Wu, YQ., Ni, WJ. et al. The potential insights of Traditional Chinese Medicine on treatment of COVID-19. Chin Med 15, 51 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-020-00326-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-020-00326-w

Keywords

Chinese Medicine

ISSN: 1749-8546

Contact us